Bone graft Anatomic site Observation period Bone formation References
rabbit PLGA/Type-I collagen+osteoblast subcutaneous 4 weeks + [82]
  nanohydroxylapatite/polyamide block intramuscle 4 weeks + [83]
rat NanoBone granulate subcutaneous 6 months - [84]
  Cortical bone cylinders subcutaneous 4 weeks + [85]
  Hydroxyapatite/demineralized bone matrix intramuscle 8 weeks + [86]
mouse beta-tricalcium phosphate block subcutaneous 6 weeks + [87]
  Human demineralized bone matrix intramuscle 8 weeks + [88]
sheep macroporous cement subcutaneous 6 months - [89]
  calcium phosphate ceramics intramuscle 6 months + [90]
dog beta-tricalcium phosphate subcutaneous 12 weeks + [91]
  HA/TCP biphasic ceramics intramuscle 15 months + [92]
pig nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite subcutaneous 8 months + [93]
  tricalcium phosphate intramuscle 12 weeks + [94]
Table 2: Typical examples of subcutaneous and intramuscular implantation in different animals.