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- Local infection at the mucosa
- Attenuation of immune mechanism
- Many viral subtypes
- Viral entry occurs rapidly, but infected cell shows no inflammation
- Virus elimination via natural cell clearance
- Innate immune response, late induction of adaptive response (low antibody levels after long exposure to infection)
- Natural immunity does not reliably prevent from infection
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- Systemic infection
- Viral progression 1 to 6 months from infection to disease
- Strong immune response
- Neutralising antibodies and CTL activation
- Immune mechanisms in subjects who recovered from HBV infection provide lifelong immunity
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