Approach |
Example |
Modification of plasmid design |
Promoter/enhancer elements |
|
Polyadenylation sequence |
|
Kozak sequence |
|
Secretory leader sequence |
|
Consensus sequence |
|
Codon optimization |
Delivery methods |
Electroporation |
|
DNA tattoo |
|
Gene Gun |
|
Polyethylenimine (PEI) and Vaxfectin® |
Adjuvants |
Plasmid unmethylatedCpG motifs |
|
TLR agonists |
|
Genetic adjuvants (e.g. cytokines/chemokines) |
|
Glycoprotein D of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) |
|
Chemical Compounds (e.g. bupivacaine) |
Targeting to dendritic cells |
DEC205 receptor |
|
CD11c receptor |
|
PD1 |
Heterologous prime-boost |
DNA prime followed by boost with recombinant attenuated viruses (e.g. MVA) |
|
DNA prime followed by boost with recombinant proteins |