Grafting

Transplantation

Tissue
Culture

3D
in vitro culture

Donor age

+
(7,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20)

-
(62)

ND

ND

Donor tissue or cell
preservation

+
(34,33)
-
(13)

+
(31)
-
(57)

-
(8,9)

ND

Cross species

-
(7,13,14,15,16,17,18)
+
(19)

+
(54,55,56,57,58)

ND

ND

Recipient location

subcutaneous-
(7,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20)
(in some cases, +)
(47,50)

+
(71)

ND

ND

Recipient treatment

-
(38,46)

+
(85,86,53)

+(combi)
(9)

ND

Recipient age

+
(39)

+
(62)

ND

ND

Others

acceleration of
spermatogenesis
(7,16,20)

decrease in litter size
(88,89)

only mouse data
(8,9)
small number of sperm (combi)
(68)

only mouse data
(10)
small number of sperm
(10)

+: positive effects on spermatogenesis; -: no effects on spermatogenesis; ND: no data; combi: combination of tissue culture and germ cell transplantation; 3D: 3D culture
Table 1: Factors that affect spermatogenesis in experimental systems.