Tai Chi (n=15) Control (n=6) Statistics p Effect size
Executive Function Measures
Trails-A (sec)§ -11.5 (28.5) -0.2 (5.3) -1.17 0.24   NS
Trail-B (sec) -15.4 (24.2) -7.8 (22.9) -0.66 0.52   NS
Letter Verbal Fluency 2.4 (9.8) -1.3 (4.1) 0.89 0.39   NS
Category Verbal Fluency § 1.9 (8.1) -0.5 (4.8) -0.47 0.64   NS
Stroop Color Word 3.8 (8.6) 0.8 (5.2) -0.31 0.75   NS
Digits Backwards 0.5 (1.2) -0.7 (1.8) 1.83 0.08   NS
Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39
Total 1.1 (7.5) 9.0 (8.5) -2.11 0.05* 1.03 (Large)
Sub score                
Mobility 2.2 (10.4) 3.3 (12.6) -0.22 0.83 0.11 NS
Activities of Daily Living -5.0 (10.4) 3.5 (6.1) -1.86 0.08 0.90 NS
Emotional Wellbeing § -1.9 (6.5) 11.1 (12.3) -2.10 0.04* 0.46 (Medium)
Stigma § 0.0 (9.7) 1.0 (10.0) -0.04 0.97 0.01 NS
Social Interaction§ 5.0 (9.3) 0.0 (0.0) -1.17 0.24 0.26 NS
Cognition 6.3 (11.8) 9.4 (8.6) -0.59 0.57 0.29 NS
Communication § -1.7 (14.5) 11.1 (10.1) -1.92 0.06 0.42 NS
Bodily discomfort 3.9 (20.9) 9.7 (22.0) -0.57 0.58 0.28 NS
Falls Efficacy Scale§ -5.8 (15.7) 4.8 (8.8) -1.80 0.07 0.39 NS
§Indicates the data was not normally distributed. Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare across the groups. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was used to evaluate the effect size.
NS=Not significant; * indicates statistically significant (p<0.05)
Table 3: Change scores and statistics of dependent variables.