| Authors |
Design |
N (% female) |
Mean age(SD)
in years |
Intervention
/Training |
Outcome measures |
Assessment/Follow-up |
Results |
| Robinson et al. [18] |
Repeated measures |
32 (100) |
20.2 (0.3) |
Plyometric training in water or on land (3 days a week for 8 weeks) |
Sargent vertical jump test
Peak torque
40 m sprint
Self-report ordinal scale(muscle soreness)
Pain sensitivity |
Pre-training
Mid-training (4 weeks)
Post-training (8 weeks) |
There were no treatment by time interactions, indicating that there were no performance and pain sensitivity differences between the land- and aquatic-trained groups (p>0.05).
There was a significant interaction of treatment group by time for perception of muscle soreness (p=0.01). |
Martel et al.
[19] |
Repeated measures |
19
(100) |
15(1)/14(1)
(aquatic group/control group) |
Plyometric training in aqua or on land (twice a week for 6 weeks) |
Vertical jump
Isokinetic peak torque |
Baseline
After 2 weeks
After 4 weeks
After 6 weeks |
There were significant increases in vertical jump after 4 weeks and 6 weeks in both groups (p<0.05).
Significant improvements in concentric peak torque were observed in the dominant leg of both groups after 6 weeks (p<0.05). |
| Roth et al. [20] |
Repeated measures |
27(62) |
21.18(1.24) /22.43(1.81)
(female/male) |
Balance training program in aqua or on land (for 4 weeks) |
X and Y range of Single leg stance(SL), Tandem, stance(T), and Single leg foam stance(SLF)
Tandem form stance(TF) |
Pretest
Mid-test(2 weeks)
Post-test(4 weeks)
Follow-up test(6 weeks) |
A significant group * time interaction for the X range was found for SL, SLF, and TF (p<0.05). The Y range improved significantly, with posttest value lower than pretest value (p<0.05). |
| Stemm and Jacobson [22] |
Pre-test /Post-test |
21 (unknown) |
24(2.5) |
Plyometric training in aqua or on land (twice a week for 6 weeks) |
VERTEC vertical jump test |
Pre-test
Post-test |
Aquatic and land-based groups significantly outperformed the control group in the vertical jump, but no significant difference was found in the vertical jump between the aquatic and land-based groups. |
| Dundar et al. [16] |
Randomized controlled trial |
65(47) |
35.3(7.8)/34.8(8.3)
(aquatic /land-based) |
Exercise program in aqua or on land (5 times a week for 4 weeks) |
Spinal range of motion
Schober test
Visual analogue scale for pain
Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire
Short-form 36 health survey for quality of life |
Before the treatment
After the treatment (after 4 weeks and 12 weeks) |
Statistically significant improvements were detected in all outcome measures except the Schober test compared with baseline (p<0.05). |
| Kim et al [9] |
Randomized controlled trial |
22(27) |
26(4.1) /26(3.1)
(aquatic /land-based) |
Early functional rehabilitation program in aqua or on land (5 sessions per week for 3 weeks) |
Visual analogue scale for pain
Static stability
Dynamic stability
Percentage single-limb support time |
Baseline
After 2 weeks
After 4 weeks |
Both groups showed decrease in the visual analogue scale, static and dynamic stability, and percentage single-limb support time at 2 and 4 weeks (p<0.05).
There were significant group by time interactions for the visual analogue scale, static and dynamic stability, and percentage single-limb support time(p<0.05). |
| Asimenia et al. [21] |
Pretest /Posttest |
30(46) |
20.58(0.64) |
Balance program in aqua or on land (3 times per week for 6 weeks) |
Total anterior-posterior and medial-lateral stability for static stability
Dynamic stability test |
Before the program
After the program |
In both groups, balance ability of the injured leg was significantly improved after the training period (p<0.05).
In the final measurements, no statistically significant differences were found between the injured and non-injured. |
| Nualon et al. [23] |
Repeated measures |
47(8) |
20.79(1.89) /20.04(1.22)
(hydro/land-based) |
Functional rehabilitation program in aqua or on land (twice a week for 6 weeks) |
Single-limb hopping test
Ankle joint position sense |
Baseline
After 6 weeks
After 3 months |
In the hydrotherapy group, the time taken for the single-limb hopping test decreased significantly immediately after exercise and at follow-up compared with the base line (p=0.001). In the land-based group, time taken for the single-limb hopping test decreased significantly at follow up compared with baseline (p=0.05). No significant differences were detected between groups in the ankle joint position sense (p>0.05). |
