A Russian-American Scientist- Alexander A. Maximow proposed the term “stem cells”. He stated that all the blood cells have a single precursor cell [45].

Murry and associates sought to redirect heart to form skeletal muscle instead of scar by transferring the myogenic determination gene, MyoD, into cardiac granulation tissue.

Shintani et al. [46] reported that lineage-committed endothelial progenitor cells and CD34+ mononuclear cells can be mobilized during an acute ischemic event in humans.

Assamus et al. [42] reported that intracoronary infusion of autologous blood or bone-marrow progenitor cells is safe and feasible and may benefit post-MI remodeling.

Stamm et al. [47] injected autologous CD133+ bone-marrow cells into the infarct border zone and suggested an improvement of myocardial perfusion is likely.

Menasche et al. [48] reported that autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation for severe ischemic cardiomyopathy can improve regional contractility but might have arrythmogenic potential.

Beltrami et al. [37] reported multipotent resident cardiac stem cells that support myocardial regeneration.

Kucia et al. [49] reported very small nonhematopoietic population of bone marrow-derived cells that express markers for cardiac differentiation.

Kang et al. [35] injected G-CSF for the mobilization of PBSCs and administered these cells via intracoronary route to heart after MI. Although improvement of cardiac function was noted, a significant concern was raised for the possibility of coronary restenosis after stem cell therapy.

Hare et al. [10] provided safety and provisional efficacy data for an allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells in MI patients

The first randomized and open-labeled phase I clinical study utilizing intracoronary injection of resident CSCs in patients with a history Q-wave MI and EF< 40% started recruiting patients [50].