Cytokines/ Chemical Compounds Possible mechanism Reference Norepinephrine Wnt signaling pathway: Protein kinase C (PKC) activated, stimulates a G reduce the transient outward K+ current [3] FGFs, BMP Wnt extra cellular factors: heparan sulfate proteoglycans. The polysaccharide chains of heparan sulfate bind to FGFs, Wnts and BMPs [3] Hepatocyte growth factor（HGF） 1.      Ras-ERK1/2      MAPK:      mitogenic and morphogenic 2.   PI3K/Akt: mitogenic and antiapoptotic 3.   p38 MAPK:     blocking   cells     in     theG0-G1 phase [8] Transforming growth factor-β Gadd45b promote activated by TGF-β through the action of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 [9] OSM gp130  induces  gene-expression,  followed  byparacrine secretion [7] Epidermal growth factor(EGF) Dexamethasone Lead to ERK1/2 phosphorylation [10] Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) Induction of suppressor leukocytes: iNOS,Tcell CD3-δ [11] Stromal derived Ligand forthe chemokine receptor CXCR4. CXCR4-mediated   signaling regulates cell [12] factor-1a (SDF-1a) migration and apoptosis   Retinoic acid Acting through RARγ up-regulation of hepaticCB1R mediates the auto induction of CB1R expression by endo cannabinoids [13] Sodium butyrate 1.      Promotes protein acetylation at targets : H3K9 2.      Accelerates promoter DNA demethylation, expression of pluripotency-associatedgenes POU5F1/OCT4 and DPPA2 [14] Dimethyl sulfoxide Decreases membrane   thickening, inducing apoptosis and differentiation [15]

Table 1: Possible Mechanism of cytokines/ chemical compounds.