| Cell type |
Origin |
Animal and disease model |
Functionalization(s) or special feature(s) |
Results |
Ref. |
| i. MSC |
Human |
TBI rat |
|
Better MSC migration, survival and concentration. Enhanced tPA and VEGF levels and reduced Nogo-A and neurocan levels in host tissue. Higher axonal, synaptic and vascular density at the boundary zone. Reduced lesion volume and improved spatial learning and sensorimotor function. |
[76-80] |
| Human |
TBI rat |
|
Improved MSC retention with minimized diffusion to non-specific organs.Enhanced MSC transdifferentiation into neural lineage with neurite outgrowth.Improved brain metabolism, spatial learning and sensorimotor function. |
[11] |
| Rat |
TBI rat |
|
Absence of gliosis within scaffold.Enhanced MSC transdifferentiation into nerve and vascular endothelial cells. |
[73] |
| Human |
PBI rat |
In situgelling scaffold |
Better retention of brain tissue and improved motor functions.MSCs migrated into the surrounding tissue while activated native NSPCs and astrocytes infiltrated into the retained tissue. |
[12] |
| Rat |
Healthy rat |
- In situgelling scaffold
- Collagen and poly(ethylene glycol) ether tetrasuccinimidylglutarate scaffold with GDNF over-expressing MSCs |
GDNF detectable surround the graft site with diminished microglia and astrocytes recruitments in the brain. |
[59] |
| ii. NSPC |
Rat |
PBI rat |
|
NSPCs migrated into surrounding brain and differentiated into astrocytes, endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes and possibly macrophages. |
[88] |
| Mouse |
TBI mouse |
Collagen and laminin/fibronectin scaffold |
Improved cognitive function.
Enhanced NSPC survival and distribution.
Collagen-laminin carriers showed better results than the fibronectin group. |
[16] |
| GDNF: Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, TBI: Traumatic brain injury, tPA: tissue plasminogen activator, PBI: Penetrating brain injury, MSC: Mesenchymal stem cells, NSPCs: NEURAL stem/progenitor cells, VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor. |
