Cofactor |
Gene Symbol |
Functions in ESCs |
Reference |
Coactivators |
FACT complex |
SPT16 |
Oct4-associated protein |
[11,17] |
Recruitment of TBP and TFIIB of transcription pre-initiation complex |
[50] |
|
SSRP1 |
Oct4-associated protein, and also c-Myc binding partner |
[11,17,56] |
Yes-YAP-Tead pathway |
YAP |
Maintains ES identity,as OE inhibited ESC differentiation |
[39] |
Activates pluripotency genes |
[41] |
DNA repair proteins |
MSH2/MSH6 |
Oct4-associated proteins |
[11,12,17] |
Acts as a "sliding clamp" that disassembles histone |
[45] |
XPC-RAD23B-CETN2 |
Located at Oct4 and Nanog promoters |
[47] |
Required for ESC identity and somatic cell reprogramming |
[47] |
Regulates of histone modification to mediate transcription |
[48] |
Mediators |
Med6 |
Required for Oct4 maintenance |
[109] |
Med7 |
Med10 |
Med14 |
Med17 |
Med24 |
Med27 |
Med28 |
Med30 |
Med12 |
Required for Oct4 maintenance |
[109] |
Nanog-associated protein, regulates Nanog and Nanog target genes |
[114] |
Med15 |
Required for Oct4 and Nanog expression in hESCs |
[109,116] |
Med21 |
Required for Oct4 maintenance |
[109] |
Required for ESC survival |
[113] |
CDK8 |
Regulates Myc and Myc target genes |
[123] |
MECO |
Regulates transcription of ncRNA genes |
[125] |
Cohesin and associated proteins |
Smc1a |
Oct4-associated protein, |
[12] |
Required to maintain ESC identity and viability |
[133,137] |
Smc3 |
Required to maintain ESC identity |
[133] |
Stag2 |
Nanog-associated protein |
[133] |
Rad21 |
Required to maintain ESC identity |
[133] |
|
Regulates Nanog and Nanog target genes |
[16] |
Nibpl |
Required for Oct4 maintenance |
[109] |
Wapl |
Nanog-associated protein |
[16,133] |
Condensin |
Smc2 |
Required for ESC survival |
[34] |
Smc4 |
Involved in interphase high-order chromatin organization |
[137] |
Histone acetyltrans-ferases (HATs) |
P300/CBP complex |
Component of ESC transcription factor network and modulates Nanog expression |
[9,21] |
Cooperates with CHD7 |
[29] |
Involved in ES cell differentiation |
[22,28] |
Tip60-p400 |
Oct4-associated protein |
[12] |
|
|
Cooperates with Nanog or H3K4me3 |
[34] |
Corepressors |
CCR4-NOT complex |
Cnot1 |
Prevents ESC differentiation, repression of trophectodermal genes |
[84] |
Cnot2 |
Cnot3 |
Essential for ESC pluripotency for inducing c-Myc and Zfx, independently of Oct4/Nanog/Sox2 |
[83,84] |
Repression of trophectodermal genes |
[84] |
KRAB-ZFP-Trim28 |
Trim28 |
Interacts with Nanog and Oct4, essential for ES pluripotency |
[16,34,83,92] |
Chromatin de-condensation by recruitment of chromatin remodelling complexes |
[92] |
Co-repressor to ZFP57 for maintenance of genomic imprinting, possibly by recruiting DNA methyltransferases and HP1 family |
[97-99] |
Co-repressor to ZFP809, and other un-identified transcription factors, for repressing retrovirus expression |
[102-106] |
Histone deacetyla-ses (HDACs) |
Sin3a |
Essential for proliferation, viability and genomic integrity of ESCs |
[34,68] |
Interact with Sox2 and Nanog, and positively regulates Nanog |
[15,69] |
NuRD complex |
Essential for derivation of ESCs |
[73] |
Represses lineage genes to maintain the full pluripotency of ES cells |
[15,73,75] |
Forms a repressive ESC-specific NODE complex together with Oct4 and Nanog |
[15] |
Interacts with other chromatin modifiers to mediate gene regulation |
[76-78] |
Implicated in Sall4-mediated transcription repression |
[81] |