| Authors |
Reference |
Methods |
Results |
| Garfield and Lincoln |
[18] |
Cohort study, with 157 participants.
They were asked to complete questionnaires concerning self-efficacy and locus of control, depression (HADS), anxiety, general stress and psychological distress, and disability. Moreover, they were asked to provide clinical information specifically relevant to their disease status. |
89 (57 %) subjects were clinically anxious, showing:
1) higher level of disability (p-value <0.001);
2) lower level of self-efficacy and external locus of control (p-value <0.001);
3) higher level of depression (p-value <0.001);
4) higher level of stress (p-value <0.001). |
| Artemiadis et al. |
[11] |
Discarded, because not directly pertinent to the relationship between locus of control and multiple sclerosis, but focusing instead on stress management and psycho-therapeutic techniques. |
| Wells et al. |
[19] |
Cohort study with 140 participants (97 females and 43 males, aged 18-83 years). |
Locus of control had an influence on fatigue threshold and perception. When the causes of fatigue were perceived as external, stable, uncontrollable participants reported higher fatigue scores. |
| Eccles and Sinpson |
[20] |
Discarded, being a review. |
| Matuz et al. |
[21] |
Discarded, being not directly pertinent to MS. |
| Gay et al. |
[22] |
Cohort study with 115 participants. They were asked about their socio- demographic, medical and psychological characteristics by completing dedicated questionnaires (about depression, anxiety, coping, social support, locus of control, alexithymia and self-esteem). |
Functional status (EDSS), trait anxiety, alexithymia and satisfaction with social support system are the predicting factors of depression. Locus of control is not a direct predicting factor. |
| Mitsonis et al. |
[9] |
Discarded, being a review. |
| Roy-Bellina et al. |
[23] |
Cohort study with 45 multiple sclerosis patients, 34 women and 11 men, from 21 to 65 years (mean age=45 years ± 11.65) with one mean duration of 9 years (± 7) and an average score EDSS of 3.5 (± 2.3). They were asked to fill in 6 questionnaires: a locus of control scale (MHLC), a social support scale (SSQ), a coping strategies scale (WCC), a representation of the disease scale (IPQ-R), an anxiety scale (STAI) and a depression scale (BDI-II). |
Positive representations of the disease and internality of locus of control were positively correlated with problem-focused coping (r=0.316, p=0.0338).
Representations of the disease influence coping strategies and psychological adjustments, as well as social support request and access. |
| Vuger-Kovacic et al. |
[24] |
Cohort study with 457 participants. They were asked to answer to the locus of control inventory and Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) questionnaire of personality. |
405 (88.6%) multiple sclerosis patients exhibited external locus of control. As the disease progressed, locus of control shifted to externality. Analysis confirms the hypothesized relationship between external locus of control and anxiety / depression |
| Siegel and Schrimshaw |
[25] |
Discarded, being not directly pertinent to MS. |
| Kocaman et al. |
[26] |
Discarded, being not directly pertinent to MS. |
| Schepers et al. |
[27] |
Discarded, being not directly pertinent to MS. |
| Brown et al. |
[10] |
Discarded, being a review. |
| Shelley and Pakenham |
[28] |
Discarded, being not directly pertinent to MS. |
| Moradi and Shoa |
[29] |
Discarded, being not sufficiently quantitative. |
| Garber et al. |
[30] |
Discarded, being not directly pertinent to MS. |
| Plahuta et al. |
[31] |
Discarded, being not directly pertinent to MS. |
| Juczyński and Adamiak |
[32] |
Discarded, being not in English language. |
| Schwartz |
[33] |
2-year randomized trial with 132 multiple sclerosis patients, comparing a coping skills group (n=64) with a peer telephone support group (n=68) |
The peer support intervention increased the externality of health locus of control but did not influence psychosocial role performance or well-being. |
| Schwartz and Daltroy |
[34] |
Discarded, because the population sample is not homogenous and includes patients suffering also from other chronic diseases. |
| Macleod and Macleod |
[35] |
Cohort study with 25 subjects aged 29-58 years. Locus of control beliefs were investigated in terms of their relationship with anxiety and depression, using the Recovery LOC scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index. |
Internality was not linked to lower levels of depression or anxiety |
| Lasar and Kotterba |
[36] |
Discarded, being not in English language. |
| Allen and Blascovich |
[37] |
Discarded, being not directly pertinent to MS. |
| Lasar et al. |
[38] |
Discarded, being not in English language. |
| Lasar and Kotterba |
[39] |
Discarded, being not in English language. |
| Wassem |
[40] |
Randomized study, with 100 participants randomly selected from the membership list of a state multiple sclerosis support group. |
Subjects with an internal health locus of control were more aware and informed about their disease, performed more self-care, and had a more benign course of multiple sclerosis. |
| Halligan and Reznikoff |
[41] |
Cross-sectional study with 60 22–72 years old patients. They were asked about their body image and representation, depression, and locus of control (using the Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale). Moreover, socio-demographical parameters (sex, age) and clinically relevant information (duration of disease and degree of disability) were investigated. |
Internal locus of control was negatively related to depression but was uncorrelated with disease duration or disability. |
| Brooks and Matson |
[42] |
Longitudinal study with 103 participants
They were asked about socio-demographic, disease-related, medical and social-psychological variables. |
Females were more likely to show positive adjustment. Subjects with an internal locus of control have more positive adjustment scores. |
