Abbreviations: CS+=reinforced conditioned stimulus; CS-=non-reinforced conditioned stimulus; NA=noise alone.

Figure 1: Mean ± SE startle magnitude during late fear conditioning across Trial Type and diagnostic groups. All groups show increased startle responses to the CS+ compared to the NA trials. Only the Control (neither diagnosis) and the SUD only groups show significantly higher startle to the CS+ than the CS-. **=p<.001.