| Gene |
Effect |
References |
| 1,3Gal (alpha-1,3-galactosytransferase) knock out (GalTKO) |
Reduced Galalpha-1,3-Gal (Gal) expression, reduced hyperacute rejection |
[23,24] |
| hCD46 (hMCP, human membrane cofactor) |
Human complement regulation |
[24,25] |
| hCD46+GalTKO |
Human complement regulation+Reduced Gal expression |
[26] |
| hCD55 (hDAF, human decay accelerating factor) |
Human complement regulation |
[27,28] |
| hCD55+endo-beta-galactosidase C |
Human complement regulation+Reduced Gal expression |
[29] |
| hCD59 |
Human complement regulation |
[30-32] |
| hCD55+hCD59 |
Human complement regulation |
[33,34] |
| hCD46+hCD55+hCD59 |
Human complement regulation |
[35-37] |
| H-transferase (alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferase) |
Reduced Gal expression |
[38] |
| hCD59+H-transferase (alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferase) |
Human complement regulation+reduced Gal expression |
[39] |
| hCTLA4-Ig (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen) |
Inhibits T-cell activity |
[40] |
| hTM (human thrombomodulin) |
Activate human anticoagulant protein C |
[41] |
| hA20 (humanA20, tumor necrosis factor-alpha inducible gene) |
Controls acute vascular rejection |
[42] |
| HLA-E/ (human leukocyte antigen-E)+human beta2-microglobulin |
Protection from NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
[43] |
| TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) |
Reduced posthyperacute cellular rejection |
[44] |
| GnT-III (beta-d-mannoside beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III ) |
Reduced antigenicity to human natural antibodies |
[45] |
| hHO-1 (human heme oxygenase-1) |
Antiapoptosis |
[46] |
| Fas ligand (Fas L) |
Antiapoptosis |
[47] |
| GalTKO+CD55+CD59 |
Control of instant blood-mediated unflammatory reaction (IBMIR) when transplanting neonatal isleT-cell clusters |
[48] |
| GalTKO+CD55+CD59+H-transferase |
Reduced xenoantibody response to isleT-cells from transgenic animals |
[49] |
| GalTKO+H-transferase |
Reduced expression of alpha Gal antigen |
[50] |
| Soluble TNFRI-Fc-hHO |
Protection against oxidative and inflammatory injury |
[51] |
| Optimized hTM |
Overcome coagulation incompatibilities in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation. |
[52] |
| GalTKO+CD46 |
Suppress in vitro human anti-pig cellular responses |
[53] |
| HLA-E |
Suppression of inflammatory macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity and proinflammatory cytokine production |
[54] |
| CD55 CD59+H-transferase genes |
Enhanced protective response to human serum-mediated cytolysis |
[55] |
