| Strategy of xenotransplantation |
Pig xenotransplant |
Immunosuppression |
Time after Tx |
Number of patients |
Result |
References |
| Acute liver failure |
Bioartificial liver device, 90-100 g wet weight |
None |
6 hrs pre/post |
6 |
No PERV transmission |
[123] |
| Cryopreserved hepatocytes |
N=2 for liver-tx after procedure |
3 month-5 yrs post treatment |
28 |
No PERV transmission |
[124] |
| AMC-BAL |
|
Before, 0 days to 2 yrs after |
14 |
No PERV transmission |
[125,126] |
| Plasma perfusion though bioreactor |
Exposure 8-46 hrs |
Up to 2-5 yrs |
8 |
No PERV transmission |
[127] |
| Followed by liver Tx+immunosuppression |
| Fulminant liver failure |
Extracorporeal liver perfusion, tg-liver |
Exposure 6-10hr |
|
2 |
No PERV transmission |
[128] |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis Renal dialysis |
Extracorporeal kidney perfusion |
|
6 hrs-36 months |
2 |
No PERV transmission |
[129] |
| Neurological conditions (Parkinson, Huntington, focal epilepsy) |
Fetal pig mesencephalon, lateral ganglionic eminence cells |
CsA (n=11), graft pretreated with Abs |
2-24 months post-Tx |
11 PD |
No PERV transmission |
[130] |
| 12 HD |
| 1 FE |
| Diabetes |
Encapsulated islets |
No IS (n=1) |
19 months |
2 |
No PERV transmission |
[131] |
| CsA, AZA, pred (n=1) for kidney Tx |
| Porcine fetal islets, 4x108-2x109 cells |
CsA, pred, AZA maintenance |
32-86 months post-Tx |
10 |
No PERV transmission |
[132] |
| Porcine c-peptide up to 450d post-Tx (n=4) |
Mitochondrial DNA detectable 3d-1yr (n=1), d3 (n=6): all had Abs within 1wk post-Tx |
| Beginning in 2009 treated with one of four different dosages of alginate-encapsulated porcine islets ranging from 5,000-20,000 IEQ/kg delivered in a single dose |
No IS |
1, 4, 12, 24, 52 weeks after Tx |
14 with severe unaware hypoglycemia |
No PERV transmission, reduction of hypoglycemia |
[81] |
| Acute liver failure |
Cryopreserved hepatocytes |
Exposure 2-30 hours |
No PERV transmission |
28 |
No PERV transmission |
[133,134] |
| Extracorporeal liver perfusion |
Exposure 4-25 hours, IS after subsequent liver Tx |
No PERV transmission |
28 |
|
| Burns |
Skin |
Exposure 10 days |
36-150 months |
15 |
|
| Chronic glomerulonephritis Renal dialysis |
Extracorporeal kidney perfusion |
Exposure 35, 65 min |
32-36 months |
2 |
|
| Various indications |
Extracorporeal splenic perfusion |
Exposure 50-60 min |
0-102 months |
100 |
|
| Diabetes |
Islets |
|
19-93 months |
14 |
|
| Abbreviations: Abs, antibodies; AMC-BAL, Academic Center in Amsterdam, BAL, bio-artificial liver; CsA, cyclosporine; AZA, azathioprine; IS, immunosuppression; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; pred, prednisolone; Ster, steroids; Tx, transplantation; PD, Parkinson´s disease; HD, Huntington´s disease; FE, focal epilepsy. |
