| |
Entire group
(n=501) |
COPD
(n=133) |
Non-COPD
(n=388) |
P* |
|
Age, mean yr (SD) |
61 (10.6) |
63 (10.3) |
61 (10.7) |
0.037 |
| Male |
345 (68.9) |
98 (86.7) |
247 (63.7) |
<0.001 |
| Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
| Malay |
161 (32.1) |
34 (30.1) |
127 (32.7) |
- |
| Chinese |
240 (47.9) |
56 (49.6) |
184 (47.4) |
- |
| Indian |
93 (18.6) |
23 (20.4) |
70 (18.0) |
0.464 |
| Education level |
|
|
|
|
| No primary |
80 (16.0) |
16 (14.2) |
64 (16.5) |
- |
| Primary only |
80 (16.0) |
23 (20.4) |
57 (14.7) |
- |
| Secondary only |
258 (51.5) |
60 (53.1) |
198 (51.0) |
- |
| Diploma or university |
80 (16.0) |
14 (12.4) |
66 (17.0) |
- |
| Postgraduate |
2 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.5) |
0.525 |
| Occupation |
|
|
|
|
| Professional |
43 (8.6) |
9 (8.0) |
34 (8.8) |
- |
| Non-professional |
458 (91.4) |
104 (92.0) |
354 (91.2) |
0.790 |
| Total family income per month** |
|
|
|
|
| <RM1000 |
344 (68.7) |
84 (74.3) |
260 (67.0) |
- |
| RM1000-3000 |
148 (29.5) |
29 (25.7) |
119 (30.7) |
- |
| RM3001-5000 |
7 (1.4) |
0 (0) |
7 (1.8) |
- |
| >RM5000 |
2 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.5) |
0.256 |
| Body Mass Index, mean (SD) |
26 (4.0) |
27 (16.1) |
26 (4.4) |
0.412 |
| Abdominal girth in cm, mean (SD) |
94 (11.8) |
94 (14.8) |
94 (13.0) |
0.892 |
| Cigarette smoking status |
|
|
|
|
| Ever |
255 (50.9) |
94 (83.2) |
161 (41.5) |
<0.001 |
| Current |
71 (14.2) |
24 (21.2) |
47 (12.1) |
0.014 |
| Passive |
158 (31.5) |
52 (46.0) |
106 (27.3) |
<0.001 |
| Pack yrs, mean (CI) |
14 (12-15) |
25 (21-28) |
10 (8-12) |
<0.001 |
| Occupation exposure |
|
|
|
|
| Dust |
118 (23.6) |
27 (23.9) |
91 (23.5) |
0.923 |
| Yrs exposed to dust, mean (SD) |
24 (9.9) |
29 (10.3) |
25 (9.5) |
0.139 |
| Chemical or gas |
43 (8.6) |
8 (7.1) |
35 (9.0) |
0.517 |
| Yrs exposed to chemical/gas, mean (SD) |
23 (10.5) |
27 (12.3) |
23 (10.8) |
0.419 |
Values are numbers with percentages in parenthesis, unless otherwise stated
(SD= standard deviation; CI=95% confidence level).
*p between COPD and non-COPD subjects
** RM= Malaysian Ringgit (Malaysian currency) |
