Intervention 5 HFT Centers x/n (%) (LCL, UCL)a VON Data base (%) Use of surfactant 805/1363 (59.1) (56.4, 61.7) 62.4 nCPAP 413/1363 (30.3) (27.9, 32.8) 68.6 HFNC 999/1363 (73.3) (70.9, 75.6) 53.0b CMV 798/1363 (58.5) (55.9, 61.2) 64.6

CMV: Conventional mechanical ventilation; HFNC: High flow nasal cannula; HFT: High flow therapy; LCL: Lower confidence limit; n: population; nCPAP: nasal continuous positive airway pressure; UCL: Upper confidence limit; VON: Vermont Oxford Network; x: number of patients. aExact 95% binomial confidence limits. bNote that high flow nasal cannula therapy is the VON definition (cannula flow rate above 1 L/min), so much of the HFNC use in the VON group is not how we define HFT (flow rates between 3 L/min and 8 L/min, commonly in the 4 L/min to 6 L/min range).

Table 3: Comparison of interventions in the 5 HFT study centers and the VON database from 2009-2011.