Items Control group (n=20) Asthma patients (n=68) P-value MMP-9(ng/ml)       <0.001 Range 320-890 550-2000 Mean ± SD 538 ± 155 1181 ± 394 TIMP-1(ng/ml)       <0.001 Range 210-470 320-810 Mean ± SD 345 ± 71 569 ± 126 MMP-9/TIMP-1 Ratio       <0.001 Range 1.1-2.3 1.5-2.6 Mean ± SD 1.56 ± 0.35 2.04 ± 0.32

Table 1: Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio in control and asthma groups.