Reference |
Year |
Number (if series) |
Age/ sex |
First infection |
Time between the two infections |
Leprosy spectrum (Jopling) |
Clinical presentation of tuberculosis |
Mode of diagnosis of tuberculosis |
Aggravating co-morbidity |
Clinical features at diagnosis |
Out come |
Gajwani et al. |
1968 |
3 |
60/M |
Tuberculosis |
6 months; diagnosed simultaneously |
BT |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
Malnutrition |
Fever, cough, hemoptysis |
NA |
30/M |
Leprosy |
2 years; diagnosed simultaneously |
TT |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
Fever, cough |
NA |
60/M |
Tuberculosis |
2 years; diagnosed simultaneously |
BT |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
Cough, expectoration |
NA |
Gupta et al. |
1971 |
2 |
50/M |
Leprosy |
1 year; diagnosed simultaneously |
TT |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear/ culture |
Diabetes, CAD |
Asymptomatic |
Lepra reaction,
better |
25/F |
Leprosy |
6 months; diagnosed simultaneously |
Euthyroid nodular goitre |
Fever, Cough, expectoration |
Better |
Agnihotri et al. |
1973 |
3 |
65/M |
Tuberculosis |
1 year; diagnosed simultaneously |
TT |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP)-relapse |
Sputum smear |
Malnutrition |
Fever, emaciation |
Better |
18/M |
Tuberculosis |
4 year; relapse simultaneously diagnosed |
TT |
None |
Cough, expectoration, hemoptysis |
30/F |
Leprosy |
1 month |
TT |
None |
Cough |
Bhargava et al. |
1976 |
4 |
39/M |
Leprosy |
3 years |
LL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
None |
Fever, cough |
NA |
50/M |
Leprosy |
1 year |
LL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
None |
Cough, weakness |
NA |
45/M |
Leprosy |
4 years |
LL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
None |
Cough, expectoration |
NA |
|
|
|
35/M |
Leprosy |
15 years |
LL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
None |
Cough, expectoration |
NA |
Premnath et al. |
1976 |
40(in 2 years) |
Median 27; range 21-64 years |
Leprosy |
1-25 years; individual data NA |
LL (72.5%); BL (27.5%) |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
Malnutrition |
Cough, expectoration (87.5%), fever (57.5%), and weight loss (35%) |
Died (30%), LAMA (20%), Improved (50%) |
Ganapathi et al. |
1976 |
1 |
30/M |
Leprosy |
NA |
LL |
Cutaneous (lupus vulgaris) |
Histopathology |
None |
NA |
NA |
Vachharajani et al. |
1977 |
4 |
50/M |
Tuberculosis |
4 months |
TT |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
None |
Hypopigmented anesthetic patches |
Better |
|
|
|
26/M |
Tuberculosis |
4 months |
TT |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
None |
Single hypopigmented anesthetic patch |
Better |
|
|
|
30/M |
Tuberculosis |
2 months |
LL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
None |
Macular rash |
Better |
|
|
|
29/M |
Tuberculosis |
1.5 months |
TT |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
None |
Multiple patches |
Better |
Nigam et al. |
1979 |
20 (2.5% of 793) |
16-58, mean 28.4; M(15); F(5) |
Leprosy |
10-15 years |
LL (15), BL (3), TT (2) |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP-16, SN-4), pleural effusion (2) |
Sputum smear(16); chest radiograph (4) |
Malnutrition |
Cough, expectoration (100%), fever (80%), weight loss (60%), hemoptysis (25%) |
Died (4); LAMA (5) Better (11) |
Kaur et al. |
1979 |
2 out of 25 (8%) |
Age, Sex NA |
Leprosy |
4.2 years |
LL (2) |
SP-1 Pulmonary tuberculosis; SN-1 |
Sputum smear; chest radiograph |
Malnutrition |
Individual data NA |
NA |
Gatner et al. |
1980 |
13.4% (15 of 112 active; 8 healed) |
Age, Sex NA |
Leprosy |
NA |
LL(4), BL (3),BB(1),BT(7) |
Pulmonary tuberculosis SP-8; SN-7 |
Sputum smear; chest radiograph |
Malnutrition |
Screening |
10/15 improved; rest NA |
Kumar et al. |
1982 |
9 (7.7% of 117) |
NA |
Leprosy |
NA |
LL (4), BL (3), TT (2) |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP-3, SN-6) |
Sputum smear (3), chest radiograph (6) |
NA |
Screening |
NA |
Singh et al. |
1987 |
25 (2.9% of 846) |
NA |
Leprosy |
NA |
Individual data NA |
Pulmonary tuberculosis |
Sputum, chest radiograph |
NA |
Screening |
NA |
Saha et al. |
1989 |
18 of 133 (13.5%) |
15(M); 3(F) 15-65 |
Leprosy |
NA |
LL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum, chest radiograph |
Malnutrition |
Screening |
NA |
Patki et al. |
1990 |
1 |
35/F |
Leprosy |
5 years |
BL |
Multicentric lupus vugaris |
Histopathology |
None |
Swelling |
Better |
Pinto et al. |
1991 |
1 |
36/M |
Simultaneous occurrence |
BT |
Cutaneous tuberculosis |
Histopathology |
Thorn prick |
Warty lesion |
Jaundice |
Inamadar et al. |
1994 |
1 |
23/M |
Simultaneous occurrence |
TT |
Cutaneous and pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
None |
Patch, ulcer and discharge |
Type 1 reaction, better |
Arora et al. |
1994 |
1 |
40/M |
Simultaneous re-occurrence due to HIV |
BL |
Lymph nodal tuberculosis |
Histopathology |
HIV |
Patch, sinus |
Better |
Agarwal et al. |
2000 |
1 |
40/M |
Simultaneous occurrence |
LL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear/ culture |
CKD, transplantation, immunosuppression |
Fever, cough, anesthetic patch |
Reaction, resolved |
Srilakshmi et al. |
2003 |
1 |
32/ M |
Leprosy |
10 years |
LL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
Nil |
Fever, cough |
Dead |
Lee et al. |
2003 |
1 |
62/M |
Tuberculosis |
6 months |
BL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear/ culture |
Nil |
Cough, expectoration |
Type I reversal reaction, better |
Agarwal et al. |
2007 |
1 |
36/F |
Simultaneous occurrence |
BL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Sputum smear |
Rheumatoid arthritis, methotrexate, steroids leflunomide |
Fever, weight loss |
ENL, better |
Sreerama Reddy et al. |
2007 |
2 |
65/M |
Leprosy |
3 months |
BL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP), pleural effusion |
Sputum smear |
Steroids for ulnar neuritis |
Cough, expectoration, chest pain |
Better |
|
2 years |
LL |
Pulmonary tuberculosis (SP) |
Prednisolone, thalidomide |
Fever, cough |
Abbreviations: Male (M), Female (F), Sputum positive (SP), Sputum negative (SN), Not available (NA), Left against medical advice (LAMA), Erythema nodosum leprae
(ENL), Tuberculoid leprosy (TT), Borderline tuberculoid leprosy (BT), Mid-borderline leprosy (BB) Borderline lepromatous leprosy (BL), Lepromatous leprosy (LL)
*The numerator is the number of cases in males and the denominator is the total number of cases reported