| Hearing impairment in early childhood: signs and risk factors – Ptok, 2011. |
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•Concern on the part of parents/guardians regarding the hearing, speech development, or general development of their child
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•Family history of permanent hearing impairment in childhood
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•Stay of more than 5 days in the neonatal intensive care unit, possibly including the need for ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, assisted breathing, administration of ototoxic drugs or loop diuretics, and hyperbilirubinemia requiring transfusion
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•Intrauterine infections such as cytomegalovirus, herpes, rubella, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis
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•Craniofacial anomalies, including malformation of the earlobe, auditory canal, or auricular appendages and anomalies of the auditory pit and petrosa
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•External signs that may indicate a syndrome involving sensorineural hearing loss or permanent conductive hearing loss, e.g., a white forelock
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•Syndromes involving immediate, progressive, or late-onset hearing loss, such as neurofibromatosis, osteopetrosis, and Usher syndrome; other complexes associated with hearing disorders are Waardenburg, Alport, Pendred, and Jervell-Lange-Nielsen syndromes
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•Neurodegenerative diseases such as Hunter syndrome or sensorimotor neuro - pathies such as Friedreich ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome
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•Demonstration in culture of infections associated with sensory hearing loss, including bacterial or viral (especially herpes or varicella) meningitis
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•Head injury, particularly fractures of the skull base or petrosa requiring inpatient treatment
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•Chemotherapy
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•Otitis media recurring frequently or persisting for more than 3 months
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