| Main themes |
Categories |
Symptoms |
| Soul’s homelessness |
•The body no longer serves as a shelter
•The body betrayal- loss of control over the body, loss of safety
•Identification with the perpetrator –turning against oneself, the body belongs to the perpetrator
•The soul imprisonment within the body
•Split between body and soul- ego fragmentation
|
•Disgust, noxiousness, hating one’s body, distress, anxiety, depression
•Feelings of not belonging, homelessness
•Self-injurious behaviours
•Eating disorders, neglect of hygiene
•Suicidal thoughts and\or attempts –eliminating the perpetrator within
•Addictions
•Feelings of emptiness, fear to feel
•Self-destructive tendencies
•Dissociation tendencies, high level of persisting dissociation
•Dissociative disorders
|
| Entrapped in time |
•The present and future are overcome by the past
•Entrapped in the dramatic event – caught within the time cycle of anticipation, anxiety, sexual victimization, physical relief, and re-anticipation
|
•De-realisation
•Depersonalization
•Basic distrust
•Fear and anxiety, heightened paranoid tendencies, fears of intimacy
•Difficulties in sexual relationships
•Distorted sexualisation
|
| Distorted intimacy |
•Authenticity of the perpetrator-in terms of exposure of unacceptable sex fantasies and behaviors
•Authenticity of the victim – in terms of intimate exposure of feelings such as fear, humiliation, and helplessness as well as body sensations such as sexual arousal
•Beliefs in a painful world
•Symbiosis between perpetrator and victim
|
•Trusting the perpetrator, distrust of others
•Feelings of terror, anxiety, dissociative episodes, dissociative disorders
•Feelings of longing to the perpetrator and the intimacy with the perpetrator in spite of its distortion
•Ambivalent feeling towards the perpetrator
•Self-injurious destructive behaviours, prostitution, seductive tendency, addiction to sadomasochism sex relations
•Re-enactment as victim or perpetrator role
|
| Betrayal trauma |
•The perpetrator betrayal
•The family betrayal
•The system betrayal
•The victim betrayal of the family and the perpetrator
•Stockholm syndrome
|
•Blurred boundaries between victim, perpetrator and other family members- who am I? who is he?
•Ego fragmentation – use of split, projection, and introjection defence mechanisms
•dissociative disorders
•basic distrust, feelings of emptiness, loneliness and aloneness
•Survival vs. suicidal attempts
•Insecure or ambivalent attachment pattern
•Narcissism, exploitation tendencies
|
•Re-enactment
|
•The need to re-enact- to regain control
•A corrective experience
•Addiction to the physical sense of relief at the termination of the event
|
•Risk taking
•Self-injurious behaviours
•Feelings of emptiness, need for excitement
•Drug and alcohol addiction
•Ritualism
•Sadomasochism relationships
•Offending others-reversing the roles
|
