| Author |
Year of publication |
Drug |
Sample size |
Study design |
Major results |
|
Moskowitz [44] |
1971 |
Haloperidol |
8 |
case reports |
8 military prisoners were sucessfully treated with haloperidol. The case description suggest that several subjects suffering from an underlying chronic psychotic disorder. |
| Abraham [5] |
1983 |
Benzodiaepines,
Phenothiazines |
21 |
Observational
study |
8 of the 9 subjects receiving benzodiaepines reported a reduced intensity and frequency of visual disturbances, whereas 11 of 12 sujects receiving phenothiazines reported exacerbation of HPPD |
| Abraham and Mamen [45] |
1996 |
Risperidone |
3 |
Case reports |
3 HPPD patients treated with risperidone reported an exacerbation of LSD – like panic and visual symptoms. |
| Young [40] |
1997 |
Sertraline |
1 |
Case report |
A 22 old male patient had stopped using LSD after an 8-month history of abuse. Despite his abstinence he developed HPPD. sertraline appeared to have exerbated HPPD initially, but attenuated symptoms after 1 month administration (100 mg/daily). |
| Lerner et al. [46] |
1997 |
Naltrexone |
2 |
Case reports |
Dramatic improvement with naltrexone (50 mg daily) was reported in two young men with LSD-induced HPPD. The remission was sustained as it was possible to discontinue the naltrexone after 2 months without precipitating a relapse. |
| Lerner et al. [50] |
2000 |
Clonidine |
8 |
Observational
study |
6 of the 8 subjects (2 dropped out) received clonidine (0.025 mg, three times a day) for 2 months alleviated LSD-related HPPD. |
Aldurra and
Crayton [41] |
2001 |
Olanzapine and Fluoxetine |
1 |
Case report |
A 17-year-old boy with abuse of LSD weekly for 4.5 years developed HPPD after 5 months of abstinence. The patient showed a marked exacerbation in symptoms while taking risperidone and showed an attenuation of HPPD with a combination of fluoxetine and olanzapine. |
| Lerner et al. [48] |
2002 |
Reboxetine |
1 |
Case report |
During a 6-month follow-up period on reboxetin (6mg/day) no exacerbation of visual disturbance were reported. |
| Lerner et al. [42] |
2003 |
Clonazepam |
16 |
Observational
study |
16 patients received clonazepam 2mg/day for 2 months. Patients reported significant relief during the clonazepam administration. This improvement persisted during a 6 months follow-up period. |
Espiard et al.
[22] |
2005 |
Olanzapine
Risperidone
Sertraline |
1 |
Case report |
A case of a young man presenting HPPD after a mixed intoxication with psilocybin and cannabis. Olanzapine (5mg) exacerbated symtoms and was replaced by risperidone (2mg/day) and sertraline (150 mg/day). After 6 months of this treatment HPPD disapeared. |
Hermle et al.
[11] |
2012 |
Lamotrigine |
1 |
Case report |
A case of a young woman, who displayed over 13 years HPPD received a year-long tial of lamotrigine (200 mg/daily) and experienced a significant relief from her HPPD symptoms. |
Abraham HD
[unpublished
data] |
2012 |
COMT-inhibitor
Tolcapone
Levodopa augmentation |
20 |
Observational
study |
20 Patients with HPPD received in an open label design tolcapone (200 mg/day), carbidopa (25 mg/daily), and levodopa (100mg/day). The treatment resulted in a medication effect size of 0.2 |