Assessment of Physico-Chemical Quality of Groundwater by Multivariate Analysis in some Populated Villages nearby Sagar City, MP, India

In this study, physico-chemical assessment of ground water samples is determined by using standard analytical methods. The objective of the study is to analyze the 14 parameters of water along 15 locations of 2 villages nearby Sagar city for 3 season’s pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon (during 2007 2011). The aim of this study was to determine the physico-chemical analysis of groundwater sources of Banda and Karrapur village area and to compare with levels obtained with the and WHO drinking water directive.


Introduction
Ground water is the major source of water for drinking, agricultural, and industrial desires. The availability of water determines the location and activities of humans in an area and our growing population is placing great demands upon natural fresh water resources.
The physico-chemical contaminants that adversely affected the quality of groundwater is likely to arise from a variety of sources, including land application of agricultural chemicals and organic wastes, infiltration of irrigation water, septic tanks, and infiltration of effluent from sewage treatment plants, pits, lagoons and ponds used for storage.
In this study, physico-chemical assessment of ground water samples is determined by using standard analytical methods. The objective of the study is to analyze the 14 parameters of water along 15 locations of 2 villages nearby Sagar city for 3 season's pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon (during 2007 -2011). The aim of this study was to determine the physico-chemical analysis of groundwater sources of Banda and Karrapur village area and to compare with levels obtained with the and WHO drinking water directive.

Study area and collection of water samples
Ground water samples were collected from in and around Sagar city. Each water sample was taken every month during Oct. 2007-July 2011. Hemant Pathak et al , worked in the physico-chemical investigations of water from 7 years. The samples were collected in prewashed (with detergent, diluted HNO 3 and doubly de-ionized distilled water, respectively) clean polythene bottles without any air bubbles and tightly sealed after collection and labeled in the field. The temperatures of the samples were measured in the field on the spot at the time of sample collection. The samples were immediately analysed in the chemistry lab to minimize physicochemical changes.

Physico-chemical Analysis
All the chemicals used were of AR grade. Analysis was carried out for various water quality parameters which were measured by using Standard APHA methods.
Banda and Karrapur village area nearby Sagar city was chosen as study area. 15 locations of 2 villages were selected based on domestic, agricultural and industrial activities. Water samples were collected from 15 stations by using standard methods (APHA). Various water samples were collected in clean and dry polyethylene bottles from bore wells after running them for 5 minutes. All the collection of samples are immediately preserved in dark boxes and processed for the different analysis within 6 hours after collection. All water samples were collected in sterile bottles (5 liter).
In order to quantitatively analyse and confirm the relationship among major and trace element contents in groundwater samples, Pearson's correlation analysis was applied to the data. Correlations among various metal contents, major elements, EC and pH in groundwater samples are calculated. Significant positive correlations among various elements in groundwater samples are evident. Na, Cl, K and Mg are significantly correlated (0.69<r<0.96). The strong correlation between Na and Cl (r= 0.96), indicate a common chemical behavior. Ca and Mg are not significantly correlated (0.08) indicating that Ca and Mg are not probably related to dissolution of low magnesium carbonate, or dolomite deposits. Major elements such as Na, Cl, K, and Mg display significant correlation with EC (0.64<r>0.95). This reflects the fact that EC of groundwater is strongly controlled by Cl and Na content.
PreMonsoon. On the other hand parameters-BOD, COD, Ammonia and Nitrate are clearly higher in all the season showed a clear cut temporal effect. BOD is out of the highest desirable limit or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except TH, Alkalinity and conductivity which recorded high values. It was reported that groundwater was contaminated from nitrate fertilizers and manures used in agriculture. Hence, these sample water can be absolutely fit for drinking after disinfectants treatment. Results of the analysis of groundwater revealed that a total of 30 samples had slightly more pH levels as per Indian standards. Possible sources of this contamination may be intensive nonprincipal physico-chemical parameters. In the first case, data from the principal physico-chemical parameters were used to formulate the following four relationships by regression analysis. The R2 value for the regression equation (Y= 1.34+ 1.564X) for data of all the 8 physicochemical parameters was 0.9658, whereas the R2 value for the regression equation (Y= -1.76+1.323 X) for data of the 3 principal parameters was 0.9134.

Verification of the PCA results
The results of PCA were compared with those of cluster analysis and the factor analysis applied to the original data set. CA was performed by means of the Ward's method because of the same reason given above. The dendrogram manifested almost the same clusters compositions as it was found in Figure 4. It also confirms that PC1 and PC2 contain parameters which are most important for the water quality characterization. Table 3 and Table 4  agriculture and urbanization in Karrapur and Banda village. In rural areas drinking water generally supplied groundwater

Conclusion and Recommendation
From the PCA findings given above, follows that 14 parameters used for the drinking water quality characterization can be replaced by the 3 principal components explaining about 83% of the data variance: nitrate/pH, iron and ammonia. Regarding the physicochemical properties and hygienic importance of these parameters, only the six of them can be used for the frequent water quality monitoring: Conductivity, nitrate, iron, chloride and nitrite.
FA mostly confirmed the PCA results and, additionally, in the case of alkalinity showed relations between hardness and bicarbonate/ carbonate concentrations. The first two principal components explaining about 50 % of data contain the key variables of the drinking water supply system and nitrate/pH. The PCA scatter plots and dendrograms were used for the samples clustering. Also the combination of scatter plots and cluster analysis was found to be advantages. The revealed clusters gather the drinking water samples according to their origin (surface and ground water).
Multivariate methods were found to be suitable for reducing the water quality parameters and the determination of relationships among them, and also for the samples clustering, as well. These techniques can be helpful for assessors to obtain a global view on the water quality in any urban or other geographical territory when analysing large data sets without a priori knowledge about them.
The correlation coefficients between Temp and DO (-0.89): There is a negative correlation between and pH, Cl 2 , PO 4 -P; Water Temp and    It is interesting to observe that a high positive correlation (0.7797) exist between Water Temp and there is hardly any correlation between PO 4 -P and NH 4 -N; Cl 2 and TA respectively.
PCA results show that 5 physico-chemical parameters (Water Temp, pH, TA, Cl 2 , NH 4 -N). Identified as less important in explaining the annual variance of the data set, and therefore could be the non-principal parameters. Identification of less important water quality parameter can be seen in which show component loading (eigenvector) for PC1, PC2 and PC3 respectively.
Thirty groundwater samples collected for physico-chemical analysis of water samples of Karrapur and Banda villages of sagar city. Physico-chemical parameters are out of the highest desirable limit or maximum permissible limit set by IS: 10500. Hence, these sample water cannot be absolutely fit for directly drinking. Some essential treatment needed to convert in drinkable water.
In conclusion, from the results of the present study it may be said that the people in these rural areas are therefore at higher potential risk. Both villages water is not absolutely fit for directly drinking purpose need treatments to minimize the contamination. It is recommended that water analysis should be carried out from time to time to monitor the rate and kind of contamination.
It is need of human to expand awareness among the people to maintain the cleanness of water at their highest quality and purity levels to achieve a healthy life.