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The “structural unit” of the vertebrate brain has been identified as a multi-cellular unit, formed from a single neuron and at least one each of its associated macroglial chaperone and vascular endothelial cells, which exhibits most of the fundamental properties of a brain. These properties include its genetic codes, cellular associations, mechanisms of neuronal information encoding, and its “operating system”, a homeostatic energy supply mechanism that enables neurons to continuously communicate with other neurons regardless of the bioenergetic demands made on the neural network in any part of the brain at any time. A structural unit is defined by three cell types required for the unique tri-cellular metabolism of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) including neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, and by their physiological roles operating in a four-cell domain which also includes vascular endothelial cells. A “functional unit” of the brain is a two-neuron entity, defined by the minimum number of neurons required for rapid intercellular communication.