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Al-Mahmoudia canal in northern edge of Beheira Governorate, west part of Nile Delta, has important role in the economic development and prosperity of the people in Beheira and Alexandria Governorates. It has been exploited to support agriculture, fisheries, public water supply, industry, hydroelectric power and recreation. The continuing deterioration of water quality in the canal has become a routine water pollution case. Therefore, it is necessary to solve the canal pollution problems and upgrade the water quality. The objective of this study was to characterize and understand the water quality of Al-Mahmoudia canal. Samples of water were collected monthly from eleven locations for 12 month during 2010-2011. In situ measurements included; Temp, TDS, pH and DO, and laboratory determinations included TSS, BOD5, COD, NO-3, NH4+, TC and FC, in addition to Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Natural self-purification model based on oxygen sag curve introduced by Streeter and Phelps was applied.