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Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical radiological syndrome which could be induced by pre-eclampsia, transplantation, autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener’s granulomatosis, systemic sclerosis), abrupt arterial hypertension (which is probably one of the most important), impaired renal function or drugs (anticalcineurin, chemotherapie). Some atypical cases were also reported in a weightlifter patient after an intensive gym session or as a rare association with a polyarteritis nodosa. Renal disease seems to be a risk factor of PRES, as seen in many case reports of PRES in patients, in particular in pediatric population, with acute glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis or, nephrotic syndrome or small vessel vasculitis.