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Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) as prognostic and predictive biomarkers in breast cancer. This is not a new concept.For instance, it has been known since 1940s that a subtype of breast cancer that characteristically exhibits a very large proportion of stromal lymphocytic infiltrate, called medullary carcinoma, has been associated with excellent prognosis after aggressive local therapy inspite of high histologic grade and axillary lymph node metastases. However, over the next several decades, a number of studies examined the association between tumor lymphocytic infiltrates and prognosis in more common histologic types of breast cancer and yielded contradictory results. The concept of the immune tumor micro-environment’s role in influencing the outcomes of breast cancer patients has resurfaced after the recognition that expression of genes associated with stromal (fibroblast) and immune (macrophage, T-cell) components significantly contributes to the global gene expression landscape within the breast tumors as detected by the use of Cdna based gene expression microarrays.