Esophageal Spasms

esophageal spasm can be divided into 2 major variants that are distinct entities: (1) diffuse esophageal spasm and (2) hypertensive peristalsis.

Hypercontractile esophagus, also known as jackhammer esophagus, is an extreme phenotype of hypertensive contractions in which contractions are of very high amplitude, involving a majority of the esophagus, and whose duration occurs for a prolonged period with a jackhammer-type appearance on high-resolution manometry. Symptoms can include dysphagia, regurgitation, and noncardiac chest pain.

Diffuse esophageal spasm is characterized by contractions that are of normal amplitude but are uncoordinated, simultaneous, or rapidly propagated Hypertensive peristalsis, also known as nutcracker esophagus, is diagnosed when contractions proceed in a coordinated manner but the amplitude is excessive.