Clinical Presentation of Celiac Disease Masks Therapeutic Perspectives of Celiac Disease

Celiac disease is a clinical entity that is not difficult to diagnose when it shows the classic symptoms. It was found that there are other forms of celiac disease that are difficult to diagnose because of atypical manifestations. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of different forms of celiac disease in accordance with ‘The Oslo definitions for celiac disease and related terms’ and therapeutic perspectives of this disease.


Background
Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-sensitive, immune-mediated chronic enteropathy with a wide range of manifestations of variable severity. This disease is due to the damage of intestinal mucosa as a result of the action of gluten, in genetic predisposed people. The masks that can diagnose celiac disease, presented below, are divided into: classical CD, non-classical CD, subclinical CD and potential CD. The clinical manifestations and histology changes of small bowel mucosa will disappear with gluten-free diet, but histological relapses will appear in a variable period of time after re-use of foods with gluten. Prevalence of this disorder is difficult to estimate due to the variability of clinical presentation. Lifelong avoidance of gluten ingestion is the main treatment for patients with celiac disease [1][2][3].
In two years (january 2010-december 2012), there were 144 cases of celiac disease identified among the patients of the Clinical Emergency Pediatric Hospital Cluj-Napoca, Clinic of Pediatrics II, by determining IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies. The screening involved 1280 children who had suggestive signs of celiac disease (chronic diarrhea, weight stagnation or weight loss). We obtained parental consent for children to be included in the study in accordance with the confidentiality norms.

Clinical Presentation
According to The Oslo definitions for celiac disease [1] there are 4 possible presentations of celiac disease.

Classical celiac disease
It is characterized by gastrointestinal signs and symptoms. Typical form of the disease begins at various times after foods that contain gluten are introduced into the diet. Characteristic manifestations of infants and young children are chronic diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal distention, abdominal pain, and poor weight gain or weight loss. Nutritional deficiency syndrome occurs in time and its manifestations are: growth deficiency, psychomotor development deficiency, anemia, rickets, and hemorrhagic manifestations. Undiagnosed and severely affected infants may present celiac crisis characterized by explosive diarrhea, marked abdominal distention, dehydration and lethargy. Delayed diagnosis and persistent symptoms can cause severe malnutrition [1,2].
The onset of celiac disease with gastrointestinal symptoms in older children may occur at any age. These patients may present nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal discomfort, constipation, and intermittent diarrhea. It is important to note that the patient's age at the onset of symptoms may be influenced by the amount of gluten in the diet and the duration of breast feeding [1,2,4].

Non-classical celiac disease
It is estimated that approximately 70% of newly diagnosed celiac disease patients do not present typical gastrointestinal manifestations. Onset of illness in infants and toddlers include gastrointestinal symptoms and failure to thrive. Minor gastrointestinal symptoms, height and weight growth deficiency, delayed puberty predominates in clinical presentation of celiac disease in childhood-onset. Anemia is the most common manifestation in teenagers and young adults [1,2,4].
Celiac disease includes extraintestinal manifestations. Dermatitis herpetiformis is noticed as a manifestation in adolescents and adults. It is characterized by skin blisters and rashes, lesions that are present on the elbows, knees and buttocks. Dental enamel hypoplasia affects only permanent dentition and may be the only manifestation of celiac disease. Iron-deficiency anemia that is resistant to oral iron therapy often completes clinical presentation of the disease. Children and adolescents often present short stature and constitutional delay of puberty. Adolescent girls with untreated celiac disease may present delayed onset of menarche. It is estimated that about half of the children with celiac disease have a low bone mineral density at the time of diagnosis; bone damage can reach osteoporosis. Neurologic and psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, irritability, autism, peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, epilepsy and migraines have all been reported. Patients with non-classical form of celiac disease can present reproductive diseases, arthritis and arthralgia and liver dysfunction. These conditions usually respond to a gluten-free diet [1][2][3].
Celiac disease has been associated with many other autoimmune conditions and genetic syndromes. Associated genetic syndromes include Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Turner syndrome. The most common autoimmune diseases associated with celiac disease are the Type 1 diabetes mellitus and thyroiditis [4,5].

Subclinical celiac disease
In an apparently healthy child, the analytical findings and the biopsy are consistent with a diagnosis of celiac disease. Many of these children belong to risk groups and suffer from other autoimmune conditions (diabetes type I, thyroiditis, hepatitis, psoriasis, etc.), genetic conditions (Down's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Williams syndrome, IgA deficiency) or are first degree relatives to patients with such conditions [1].

Potential celiac disease
This refers to children with positive, analytical evidence, but normal intestinal biopsies or only minimally abnormal changes [1,5].
In terms of manifestation of celiac disease masks, the 144 patients are divided as follows: 66 cases with classical CD, 69 cases with nonclassical CD, 6 cases with subclinical CD and 3 cases with potential CD (Table 1).
In our study classical and non-classical forms of celiac disease are almost equally represented. Classical form has symptoms that allow early diagnosis while non-classical form involves problems of differential diagnosis. Patients with subclinical form of celiac disease are apparently healthy, while diagnostic tests are positive. Potential form is opposite compared to subclinical form, in which patients have symptoms but diagnostic tests are negative. Refractory form is the fifth manifestation of celiac disease. It is characterized by persistent or recurrent signs and symptoms of malabsorption with villous atrophy despite the gluten-free diet. This form was not found in our cases.

Treatment
A gluten free diet is the only available treatment for celiac disease. Wheat, barley and rye are grains that have to be avoided in the diet. Avoiding gluten in the diet has good effects on symptoms. Compliant patients improve their weight and height; children regain their lost psychomotor assets; behavioral disorders disappear; hematological and biochemical parameters normalize [6,7].
There are some alternative future celiac disease treatments strategies. These include the following: hydrolysis of toxic gliadin peptide, prevention of toxic gliadin peptide absorption, blockage of deamidation of specific glutamine residues by tissue, restoration of immune tolerance towards gluten, modulation of immune response to dietary gliadin, and restoration of intestinal architecture [6].

Hydrolysis of toxic gliadin peptide
In patients with celiac disease gluten peptides are resistant to digestion by intestinal proteases. Enzyme supplementation therapy with prolyl endopeptidase, and glutenenases and endoprotease have been proposed to splinter peptides involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, thus abolishing the immune response. An alternative approach involves pretreatment of gluten-containing foods with bacterialderived peptidases (Lactobacilli) responsible for lyse the proline-/ glutamine-rich gluten peptides, also reducing the immune response [3,6].

Prevention of toxic gliadin peptide absortion
Larazotide, a synthetic hexapeptide derived from the Zonula Occludens toxin of Vibrio Cholera, inhibits the opening of tight junctions of the small intestine epithelial cells. Gliadin can be absorbed both paracellular route and transcellular pathways, so this therapeutic modality should be combined with another. Synthetic polymer poly and egg yolk anti-gliadin antibody can prevent absorption gliadin. Their effects in patients with celiac disease are still studying [6].

Blockage of selective deamidation of specific glutamine residues by tissue transglutaminase 2 inhibitor
It could be a way to inhibit the inflammatory process upon gluten ingestion.

Restore immune tolerance towards gluten
There is clinical trials studying the effects of vaccine application. Thus peptide vaccine containing a mixture of immunotoxic α-and ωgliadins and B-hordein, and dermal inoculation of human hookworm could be used to modulate the immune response to gluten [8].

Modulation of immune response to dietary gliadin
Considering the pathogenesis of celiac disease modulating the immune response is attempted by the discovery of HLA-DQ blocker and an interleukin blocker [3,6].

Restoration of intestinal architecture by R-spondin-1
It has not yet been tested on humans to be considered as a therapeutic option for celiac disease [6]. In our study treatment for all clinical forms of celiac disease was gluten-free diet. According to the recommendations patients received iron, vitamin of group B, Vitamin A, D, E, K, calcium.