Effect of Different Concentration of Orange Juice on Quality Characteristics of Soya Milk Blended Beverage

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the one of the most important legume seed because of its high nutritive value. These are “the miracle golden beans of the twentieth century” has revolutionized the agricultural as well as general economy of many countries. Soybean has been cultivated in India from sufficiently long time, mostly in hilly areas, but very recently it has occupied very important position at the national level. A programme for the development of the soybean has been taken up in the many agricultural universities and research stations [1].


Introduction
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the one of the most important legume seed because of its high nutritive value. These are "the miracle golden beans of the twentieth century" has revolutionized the agricultural as well as general economy of many countries. Soybean has been cultivated in India from sufficiently long time, mostly in hilly areas, but very recently it has occupied very important position at the national level. A programme for the development of the soybean has been taken up in the many agricultural universities and research stations [1]. Now-a-days the protein calories malnutrition is wide spread in the country. This is because majority of Indian population is vegetarian and solely depends on pulses for their protein need. Protein malnutrition is more severe in the children and nearly 80% of children are suffering from malnutrition disorder. In view of bridging up the gap between requirement and availability of protein, soybean is most important grain legume and its importance is increasing day by day due to its high nutritive value.
The protein of soybean is of biological value and resembles protein in fish, poultry, meat and eggs. Soybean has been major substitute as a cheaper protein and can be introduced in the diet of common people. The vitamin and mineral constituent of soybean might also prove to be decisive. It is very rich in mineral substances such as P 2 O 5 , Fe and vitamins A, D, and B. Soaked seeds and sprout contain vitamin C which is found in fresh fruits and green vegetables [2].
Soybean is used for preparation of bread, biscuits, cakes and chocolates. "It is the milk harvested from the field without cow". The soybean milk i.e. prepared from soybean flour and can be compared with cow milk (U.S.A. Agril Dept Bulletin, 1939).
Many dairy analogues of acceptable quality have been developed from soybeans. These products are becoming increasingly popular in western countries because of the desire of the people to reduce their intake of cholesterol and in higher cost of milk and milk products.
The major components of the soybean seeds are oil and protein making up about 60% of the beans and about one -third carbohydrates that is polysaccharides such as stachyose (3.8%), raffinose (1.1%), phospholipids, sterols, ash and other minor constituents are also present. Soybean is rich in protein (about 40%) which is substantially higher than any other grain legume [3].
The most important factor which hampers its utilization is its beany flavor which is due to ethyl-vinyl ketone, other lipids and presence of trypsin inhibitor which severally reduce the digestibility of soy protein.
These are some negative parameters consider for its utilization. This can be solving by processing of soybeans in to products.
"Beany" flavor is indeed the principal inconvenience of traditional soymilk. This objectionable flavor comes from some ketones and aldehydes, particularly hexanals and heptanals, produced through lipoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of soybean oil. These compounds are not present in sound, dry soybeans but are produced as soon as the beans are wetted and ground. Several approaches have been used to overcome the problem of off flavors in soymilk.
Soy milk, a stable emulsion of oil, water and protein, is simply an aqueous extract of whole soybeans. The liquid is produced by soaking dry soybeans, and grinding them with water. Soy milk contains about the same proportion of protein as cow's milk-around 3.5%; also 2% fat, 2.9% carbohydrate and 0.5% ash. Soy milk can be made at home with traditional kitchen tools or with a soy milk machine.
During the last years, soy beverages consumption has gradually increased due to their significant concentration of health-promoting compounds, such as isoflavones. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that consumption of a diet rich in isoflavones is associated with low risk of the so-called Western diseases [4], such as coronary heart disease [5], osteoporosis, menopausal symptoms, hormone-dependent cancers [6], obesity, and diabetes.
At the present time, several fruit juice blended soy beverages are available in the market [7]. Therefore, in present investigation efforts have been focused to develop soy beverages fortified orange juice, which may lead to improve sensorial characteristics as well as nutritional properties. Usually, thermal treatments are applied to prolong the shelf-life of this type of beverages by the inactivation of microorganisms and enzymes.

Raw materials
Raw materials such as soybean and orange for present investigation were procured from local market, Aurangabad.
Chemicals such as Sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, Sodium alginate, amyl alcohol, sulphuric acid, citric acid, and pectin all these chemicals were of Food grade and made available from University Department of chemical Technology, Dr.BAMU, Aurangabad.

Treatment for removal of beany flavor of soybeans
Soy milk has a characteristic beany or nutty flavor, which was mainly due to lipoperoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) mediated by lipoxygenases isozyme activity. These off-flavors could not be completely eliminated but minimized to a greater extent by heat treatment, alkali treatment or cleanliness. The use of a hot water and sodium bicarbonate helps to remove its beany flavor [8].

Manufacturing process for production of Soy milk
Soya milk was produced as per ILLINOIS process given in figure 1 [9].
Preparation of orange juice: Good quality Oranges were collected from local market Aurangabad. As shown in figure 2 they were peeled to remove outer skin. Bitterness in the juice can be reduced considerably by extracting the juice from the segments dipped into 2% boiling alkali for 30-60 seconds to remove the outer covering of the segments and fibrous material, (Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables, Siddhappa).
Then juice extracted through Juicer (Model No.MS-3427) and filtered through muslin cloth. Chien and Snyder [10] reported that soymilk tasted less astringent by the addition of skimmed cow's milk, CaSO 4 , or citric acid. Then stabilizers pectin or sodium alginates were used at the rate of 0.4% and 0.6% w/w respectively [11]. Then juice was pasteurized at 90 0 C for 1 min filled in sterile glass bottle crown cork and air cooled [12].
Production of orange soy RTS beverage: Orange juice was used to mix with soy milk. Orange juice was blended in different proportions i.e. having orange juice: Soy milk in proportions from 10:90, 20:80, and 30:70 up to 90:10 and given numbers as blend 1, blend 2, blend 3, up to blend 9. The different blends are homogenized at 8000 rpm for 2 min in homogenizer (127A Remi motors, Mumbai).The obtained beverage was pasteurized at 85 0 C for 10 min and hot filled into sterile bottles keeping about 6% head space [13].
Beverage samples were stored in refrigerator at 4 0 C. The beverage samples then on second day were withdrawn and analyzed for pH, T.S.S. , %Acidity, Viscosity, % fat, Protein and Sensory characteristics.

Physicochemical analysis
Determination of moisture content: Moisture content was determined for 5 g of sample taken in petri plates. The samples were oven dried at ± 105 0 C for 12 h in pre-weighed Petri dishes with removed lids [14]. After drying petri dishes were covered with lid and cooled in desiccators containing silica gel for 1h before weighing. Moisture content of whole sample is calculated by, Where, W 1 , W 2 and W 3 are weights of empty Petridish, Petridish + sample before drying and Petridish + sample after drying.

Rheological properties
Viscosity of the prepared beverage and soymilk was measured using Brookfield Viscometer (DV-E, Brookfield Engineering lab INC, USA). Beverage was transferred into beaker and the bob was immersed so that beverage just covered the edge of bob without overflowing onto its top. Temperature of the sample was maintained constant (25 0 C) which was achieved by keeping it in water bath. Viscosity and consistency are important attributes for beverage. Gums were added to beverage to improve their quality by acting as thickening and emulsifying agents.

Organoleptic evaluation
The beverage samples were evaluated in a sensory laboratory under white light for attributes of Appearance, color, taste, mouth feel, flavor and overall acceptability by a preference method [15] on a 9-point hedonic scale.

Proximate analysis of fresh juice
The result obtained on physico-chemical properties of fresh juice for making Orange soy RTS beverage were presented in Table 1.

Physicochemical characteristics of soy milk
The result obtained on preparation of Soy milk was represented in Table 2.
The mass fraction of Moisture Content, Carbohydrates + Ash, Protein and Crude Fat were found to be within the range repaired by Wang et al. [16] (Figure 3)

Physicochemical characteristic of finished orange juice
The results obtained on physico-chemical properties of finished orange juice were presented in Table 3.

Physicochemical characteristic of orange soy RTS beverage
Ten blends of Orange soy RTS beverage were prepared with different proportions of orange juice and soy milk. Two control samples (soy milk and orange juice) were taken for analyzed comparative physicochemical changes in Orange soy RTS beverage. Result obtained with respect to physicochemical characteristics of prepared Orange soy RTS beverage were represented in Table 4 below.
Result shows that with the increase in juice concentration percent acidity, T.S.S. and viscosity increased. While pH and fat content reduced subsequently. Figure 4 showed that the panelist preferred fruit blended soy milk i.e. orange over plain soy milk. 10% of orange juice blend in soy milk gave lowest score i.e.4 for Appearance while 80% of orange juice blend

Conclusion
The present investigation on Studies on Development of orangesoy RTS beverage were undertaken to remove the beany flavor from soybean ,to formulate the product that is orange soy RTS beverage, to analyze the different proportions blends of Orange soymilk RTS beverage with respect to physico-chemical composition and analyze the Organoleptic characteristics of prepared orange soy RTS beverage. Organoleptic evaluation of beverages showed that orange soy RTS beverage prepared from 80% orange juice blended in soy milk founded to be best according to physico-chemical properties. Followed by the 70% orange juice blend, 60, and 50% orange juice blended in soy milk found to have good taste and overall acceptability. Study reveals that fruits could be used in making the beany flavor thus promoting acceptability of soymilk. This could be beneficial to communities where cow's milk is unacceptable, unavailable or unaffordable or due to lactose intolerance.

Recommendation
Use of these beany flavor masking agents could enhance consumption of soybean in form of soymilk and thus needed to be promoted as one of the costeffective sustainable approaches in the promotion of wide soybean consumption in India.