How does the Serum Catecholamine Change and Post Transplant Renal

Objective: To keep different levels of blood pressure and to observe the effects on the posttransplant renal function under general anesthesia. Methods: We selected 20 patients with the renal normal function (group N, n=20) who undergoing live donor nephrectomy under general anesthesia; the renal failure group (group F n=20) who undergoing renal transplantation. Blood pressure, ECG, SpO2, PETCO2, BIS were monitored continuously. Levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, aldosterone in blood plasma were measured before anesthesia, after anesthesia before skin incision, at the time point of kidney exploration and after nephrectomy 10 min,40 min,120 min or at the renal vascular anastomosis opened for 10 min, 40 min, 120 min and even for 1st, 3rd days after kidney transplant. Meanwhile, we detected the volume of urine, serum concentrations of Cr (Creatinine), BUN (Blood urea nitrogen), cystsin C (CysC) and β2 microglobulin (β2-MG) for group F1(using the vasoactive drug to maintain the SBP 160-140 mmHg) and group F2 (SBP was kept at 139-110 mmHg) at different time points during the donor’s kidney was transplanted. Results: 1. Aldosterone was increased significantly at kidney exploration or the renal vascular anastomosis, comparied to pre-induction (P<0.05). But, there were no difference between two groups at each time points. 2. The serum concentrations of Cr, BUN, CysC and β2-MG were decreased at the T4,T5,1st, 3rd time points, But there were

Results: 1. Aldosterone was increased significantly at kidney exploration or the renal vascular anastomosis, comparied to pre-induction (P<0.05). But, there were no difference between two groups at each time points. 2. The serum concentrations of Cr, BUN, CysC and β2-MG were decreased at the T4,T5,1 st , 3 rd time points, But there were

Conclusion:
higher SBP might not be essential in the renal failure patients.
volume of urine was increased as the time going on after kidney replacement in group F1 and F2. Meanwhile, the no difference between F2 and F2 groups at each time points.
The renin angiotensin aldosterone system was activated in renal function normal or failure patients in peri-operation. And the transplanted kidney could work well under the physiologic levels of blood pressure and the Anesthesia, general; Renal function, Renal failure;

Methods
Experimental design grouping: Twenty patients (male or female) were donors for kidney, with normal renal function and named as group N.
Twenty patients (male or female) were renal failure undertaken kidney transplants, that is the recipients, group F.

Anesthesia implementation
Anesthesia methods: The patients of the two groups underwent general anesthesia. Inductions of anesthesia were: intravenous injection with 3 mg of midazolam, 0.2 mg/kg of etomidate, 10 μg/kg of fentanyl, 0.6-0.8 mg/kg of rocuronium and 30 mg of lidocaine; after 3-5 min direct vision intubation under the laryngoscope was conducted (50 mg of Spray lidocaine was given in the trachea before intubation). Then intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) was performed. Respiratory indicators were: 8 ml/kg of tidal volume(VT), 12 times/ min of respiratory rate (RR), positive end expiratory pressure(PEEP) with 0, 80% of inhaled oxygen concentration, 3 L/min of the oxygen flow; maintaining airway pressure <30 cm H 2 O (1 cm H 2 O=0.098 kPa), PETCO 2 at 35-45 mmHg and SpO 2 >98%. Maintenance of anesthesia was: intravenous target-controlled infusion (TCI) with propofol, the target plasma concentration at 2-3 µg/ml and continuous intravenous infusion with 0.2-0.45 µg/kg -1 /min -1 of remifentanil, following inhalation of sevoflurane and intermittent intravenous injection with atracurium. BIS values were kept at 45-55 during surgery. Arterial blood gas analysis was periodically performed during surgery.
The observed monitoring indicators: MAP, HR, SBP were determined before induction (T0), before incision(T1), explored kidney (T2) and after nephrectomy 10 (T3), 40 (T4), 120 mins (T5) in group N(or after renal artery anastomosis 10 (T3), 40 (T4), 120 mins (T5) in group F) . The average of the three measured data at each time point was taken as valid indicators. The serum concentrations of ALD, NE, E were detected at the above time points for two groups. The urine volume, the serum concentrations of Cr, BUN, CysC, β 2 -MG were measured and recorded at different time points and continuing to postoperative 1 st , 3 rd days.

Managements of blood pressure for group F in peri-operation:
different vasoactive drugs, and divided the patients in group F into two groups (group F1 and F2). We performed vasoacitive drugs of dopamine, phenylephrine infusion, and infused 3 ml/kg compound sodium chloride in group F1 in order to maintain SBP at 160-140 mmHg, which was nearly to preoperative levels. In group F2, we perfomed 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 sodium chloride injection 5 ml/kg of intravenous infusion, or injection nitroglycerin prorenate to maintain the SBP at the 139-110 mmHg, which is the physiologic state.

Statistical methods
SPSS17.0 statistic software was adopted in the data analysis, and data were expressed as Means ± SD. Paired t test was used in intragroup comparison and group t test was used in inter-group comparison. Differences in values of p<0.05 were considered to be significant.

Changes in hemodynamic indicators
Compared with T 0 , MAP and HR were decreased after induction of two groups (P<0.05). MAP and HR in group F were higher than those in group N at time points of T 0 , T 3 , T 4 , T 5 (P<0.05). The hemodynamic indicators of the N group with no statistical significance in intra-group comparison at other time points (P>0.05) ( Table 1).

The changes of serum ALD, NE, E in two groups
Serum concentrations of ALD were increased significantly in two groups at time points of T 2 , T 3 , T 4 , T 5 , comparied with T 0 and T 1 (P<0.05). However, no statistical significance of ALD, NE, E were found in inter-group comparison (P>0.05) ( Table 2).

The effects of blood pressure on the renal function in group F
Serum concentrations of Cr, BUN, CysC, β 2 -MG were decreased after kidney transplantation between group F1 and F2 at T 4 , T 5 , 1 st , 3 rd days(P<0.05). While, with the extension of time, the urine volume increased obviously. There was no significant difference about the above indicates between F1 and F2 groups(P>0.05) ( Table 3).

Discussions
The renal failure patients were suffered from the hypertension, hyperkalemia, edema, renal anemia, uremic pericarditis, coagulation disorders, disorder of Acid-base imbalance and heart failure or

Preparation of anesthesia:
Thirty minutes before anesthesia 0.3 mg of intramuscular scopolamine and 3-5 mg of midazolam were given. Scopolamine preoperative application can reduce airway secretions, have the effect of drying the airway. Patients were continuously monitored by Electrocardiogram (ECG), Heart Rate (HR), a pulse oximetry (SpO 2 ), End-tidal Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure (PETCO Brain Bispectral Index (BIS), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP). 2

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In order to maintain different systolic blood pressures, we chose the disfunction of lungs, liver and other diseases. With the severity of this desease, the patients must be dependent on the hemodialysis frequently, usually performed at two or three times a week. And at this moment, the kidney transplantation should be the sole method to survival.
As we know, there are more reasons to influence to the recovery of the transplanted kidney, such as, the quality of the donor kidney, the warm or cold ischemia time, ABO blood type, HLA match, and so on [7][8][9]. For all of them, many people think that the level of blood pressure which means the perfusion for the kidney is the key factor and the managements of anesthesia with anesthetic agents was important too [10][11][12]. But, how can we do for the new kidney in the recipient? It need higher blood pressure just like the former to keep its perfusion? Or is it the physiologic blood pressure more fitting? What's the changes of the catecholamine during this operation under general anesthesia? What kind of blood pressure level is more suitable for the new kidney? Up to now, we can't find the real answers. Therefore, we did this study and hope to explored which state is the better for the replaced kidney recovery.
The data reveals that the serum concentrations of ALD, NE, and E of the renal failure patients were not lower than the normal renal better selection to maintain some degree blood pressure and higher or normal SBP could have the same effect to the transplanted kidney. The serum concentrations of Cr, BUN, CysC, β 2 -MG are recognized the characteristic markers for renal function [13]. The two groups didnot have significantly different renal transplantation, which indicated that the higher blood pressure or the normal blood pressure have the same effect to maintain the transplanted kidney function after operationt. The new kidney coming from the healthy donor can work well in the physiological enviroment state, it doesnot need much higher blood pressure to maintain perfusion. Therefore whether it is from a new kidney blood catecholamine concentration or the new kidney itself needs, it didn't need using vasoactive drugs raise blood pressure. Physiological levels of blood pressure can meet the needs of the new kidney, amount of vasoactive agents might be harmful to the patients undertaken kidney transplantation. As yet, the preceding opinion might be unclear. What is the best level of the blood pressure for this kidney or what's the mechanism for the new kidney in the renal failure body to work well? So, many studies should be taken to elucidate the reasons deeply in the future.

Conclusion
function normal or failure patients in peri-operation. And the transplanted kidney could work well under the normal blood pressure state for the renal failure patients. It doesnot need much higher blood pressure to maintain perfusion.  function patients. That means it was not need vasoactive agents to keep the higher blood pressure. The valid fluid therapy might be the The renin angiotensin aldosterone system was activated in