Immunohistochemical Characterization of Lymphocytic CD3/CD20 and Macrophage CD68 in the Germinal Epithelium of Pb and Se+Zn Treated Adult Sprague-Dawley Rats

Falana BA1,2, Ogundele OM3*, Duru FI2, Osinubi AA2 and Falode DT4 1Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria 2Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos Sate, Nigeria 3Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria 4Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria


Introduction
A major feature of the germinal epithelium is its orientation and highly specific arrangement involving sophisticated molecular interaction and coordination at cellular and membrane level [1]. The "germinal epithelium'' describes the interior of the seminiferous tubules in anatomical corona and sagittal section that exposes the lumen and the tail of the spermatozoa [2]. The floor of the epithelium is formed by a basement membrane composed of specialize matrix and adhesive proteins some of the molecules of which are highly charged and forms the ionic barrier. Resting on this membrane is the base of the giant multi-projected sustenacular cells of the Sertoli [3]. Together the base of the Sertoli cells and the adjoining basement membrane interacts with series of junctional complexes especially desmosomes and hemidesmosomes while adjacent Sertoli cells communicate by chemical signals through the gap functions [4][5][6].
The importance of the barrier cannot be over elucidated considering the delicate nature of the cells of the spermatogenic linage lining the walls of the grooves created by the multi projected cytoplasmic processes of the Sertoli cells [7]. Other cell present includes the Leydig's cell (which produces steroids) [8]. Structural evidence support the ideology of a barrier but certain wandering cells of the blood always pass via diapedesis into the epithelium and interstitial spaces to promote immunogenic support and protection of the germinal epithelium [9]. Some of these cells includes macrophages (CD68), T-lymphocytes (CD3+) and B-lymphocytes (CD-20+) [10][11][12]. In case of lead (Pb) toxicity, two separate pathways have been identified to be capable of inducing cell death via necrosis and apoptosis; representing events that will activate macrophage (CD68) and lymphocytic response systems (CD3 and CD20). The objective of this study is to assess the expression of CD3, CD20 and CD68 in Pb toxicity in the testes of adult Sprague-Dawley Rats; where Pb was used to induce toxicity and Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn) synergy was used to attenuate such toxic effect. CD20 is an activated, glycosylated phosphoprotein expressed as a surface antigen in all B-cells beginning from the pro-B phase (Effector B-cells; CD45+) and increases in population till full maturity, even up till plasma cells [13].
In the Human species, the gene encoding for CD20 plays an important role in the development of B-cells into plasma cells which involves conversion of most of the metabolic machinery into antibody production (can produce antibodies at a very rapid rate of 2,000 molecules per minute) [14,15]. The presence of CD20 on tissue sections represents B-cell neoplasm and its absence in such times might be an indication of T-lymphocyte (CD3) infiltration into tissue sites [16,17]. CD3 is a protein complex consisting of 4-subchain and characteristic of cluster of differentiation in T-lymphocytes [18], it has been found to be expressed in the cytoplasm if pro-thymocytes (undifferentiated lymphocytes) that invades inflammatory tissue sites or under stress such as that observed in Pb toxicity; they normally function to destroy infections and malfunctioning cells and their number might increase as a form of first line immune reaction before the activation of B-cells (CD20) [19]. CD68 is characteristic of macrophages which are seen to infest tissue sites and remove cell debris and infections [20,21]. CD20, CD3 and CD68 were immunohistochmeically labelled to described lymphocytes activation and distribution in Pb toxicity and in Se+Zn treatment following Pb toxicity.

Methods
60 F1 generation adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The animals were procured and kept in the animal holding facility of the Osun State University and allowed to acclimatize. The animals were then divided into 4 groups of 15 animals each. The animal handling protocol followed the Helsinki Convention on animals use for research and was approved by the Animal Use in Research Committee of the Osun State University. Group 1 (control) received normal saline, group 2 received 100 mg/Kg BW of lead acetate (Pb), group 3 received 100 mg/Kg of Pb, 2.25 mg/Kg of Se and 2.25 mg/Kg of Zn. The duration of treatment was 56 days for all groups. The animals were sacrificed on the 57 th day and the testes were dissected to obtain the seminiferous tubule. The tissues were immediately fixed in Bouin's fluid (histology) and Formolcalcium (Immunohistochemistry) for 24 hours; the tissues for histology were transferred into a change of Bouin's fluid for another 24 hours. Tissue processing was done to obtain paraffin wax embedded sections using the method of [22] (Se: Sodium Selenium and Zn: Chelated Zinc).

Histology
The embedded tissues were sectioned to obtain 7 µm thick sections for routine histological staining in Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) using the method of [23].

Immunohistochemistry
The paraffin wax embedded sections were mounted on a glass slide in preparation for antigen retrieval. The slides were immersed in urea overnight and then placed in a microwave for 45 minutes to re-activate the antigens and proteins in the tissue sections. Primary antibody treatment involved treating the sections with biotinylated goat serum for one hour following which the sections were transferred to 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) to block non-specific protein reactions. Secondary treatment involved the use of diluted anti-CD3, Anti-CD20 and Anti-CD68 on the pre-treated sections for one hour. The immunopositive reactions were developed using a polymer 3'3' Diaminobenzidine Tetrachloride (DAB) with colour intensification involving the use of mathenamine silver kit. The sections were counterstained in Hematoxylin and treated in 1% acid alcohol (freshly prepared).

Transformation
Methenamine silver intensification was used on the immunoperoxidase preparation after the peroxidase/H 2 O 2 /DAB reaction has been carried out to give a brown deposit. The sections were then counterstained in Hematoxylin. The counterstained sections were washed in running tap water, thoroughly rinsed in distilled water, and placed in preheated methenamine silver solution at 60°C for five minutes. Although it could be occasionally longer if the intensification had been carried out at room temperature. In this study, to further increase the clarity, Hematoxylin was removed from counterstained nuclei with 1% acid alcohol before the silver intensification was carried out. The composition of the stock solution was 0.125% silver nitrate in 1.5% hexamine. The solution was stored at 4°C. Prior to use, 2 ml of 5% tetraborate was added to 50 ml of the stock silver solution giving a pH of 8.0, which was then filtered into a coupling jar and protected from sunlight.

Results and Discussion
The highest immunopositivity was observed in the Pb treatment only ( Figure 2B) and the Pb treatment followed by Se+Zn trace treatment ( Figure 2C). In the control and Pb treated group the activities of CD68 was not restricted to any specific region but widespread across necrotic or apoptotic tissues sites (Figure 2A and 2B). The CD68 activity was predominant in the basement membrane of the Pb+Se+Zn treatment ( Figure 1C and 2C), the control was only slightly immunopositive ( Figure 2A) showing very few restricted sites close to the basement membrane. This implies the presence of macrophages (CD68) could be restricted to stress response or damage rather than being present all the time ( Figure 2A); this was again re-confirmed in group 4 ( Figure 2D), treated with trace Se+Zn, the region showed increased cell population but was only immunopositive at restricted sites similar to the control. Distribution of B-cells is important in the cytology of the testes under the toxicity response model as macrophages and mast cells will stimulate a complement system recruiting B-lymphocytes for specific immunogenic response. The activities of B-cells (CD20) was higher in the basement membrane of the control (Figure 1A and 3A) and the basement membrane of the Pb+Se+Zn treatment ( Figure 1C and 3C), while immunopositive reactions were restricted to the tissue sites close to the lumen in the degenerating tissue (epithelium) of Pb treatment and diffused the basement membrane region of Se+Zn treatment group 4 ( Figure 1D and 3D).
Immunohistochemical localization of undifferentiated lymphocytes shows that, the CD3+ activities were merely localized around the basement membrane and spaces between adjoining seminiferous tubules. The presence of this category of cells increased in the Pb treatment group ( Figure 1B and 4B) within the epithelium and was restricted to the basement membrane region in the control group ( Figure 4A). Some level of immunopositivity was observed in the lumen of the Pb+Se+Zn ( Figure 4C) as well as the basement membrane, while higher immunopositivity was observed in the Se+Zn treatment group ( Figure 4D). The studies of Duan et al. [24] suggest that infection and inflammation in the epithelium is an important etiologic factor responsible for male infertility, other results indicates that T-lymphocytes are involved in the regulation of pathogenesis involved in male infertility [25]. In their study they characterized immune response infiltration using monoclonal antibodies for B-, T-lymphocytes and CD68 for macrophages, [25] histologically and immunologically confirmed the presence these cells in the interstitium, tubular walls and lumen of the testes, and the findings were further elucidated using morphometric analysis techniques. This is similar to our findings although the present study uses CD3+ for T-lymphocyte and CD20+ for B-lymphocytes.

Marchelwicz
described the ultra structure and immunohistochemistry of human epididymis (CD3, CD20, CD45 and CD68), lymphocytes and macrophages were observed closed to the basement membrane mixed within the epithelial cells, while immunohistochemical reaction for CD3+ and CD68 were positive around the interstitial tissue [11]. This study further confirms that in lead toxicity such activity might extend from the interstitial spaces into the interior of the basement membrane close to the region of cell death and necrotic tissue sites. Extranodal CD20 are often seen in cases of peripheral T-cell lymphomas, autopsy of degenerating or lymphoma testicular tissue reveals positivity for CD3 and CD20. Transient CD20 expression is an important diagnostic marker clinically to characterize cell disorder, death and inflammation in the testes [26,27]. Certain lymphomas and disease conditions also lack CD20 expression [28] an example is the plasmablastic lymphomas and associated conditions.
Our study also confirms that the macrophage (CD68) and the lymphocyte cells lines are non-responsive to the Se and Zn treatment, although Se+Zn did protect the cells of the germinal epithelium, comparing the treatment with the control. This was also proposed by [29], who used Selenium and genistein and found the Se and genistein synergy was protective against the adverse effect of anticancer drugs; also [30], 2012 describes the protective effect of Se in cadmium toxicity in chicken splenic lymphocytes. Certain doses of Zinc have been found to be protective against infections [31]. It was observed that zinc can activate the adaptive immune system; this was investigated by the expression of B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytic surface antigens. Zinc has also been found to be capable of mediating apoptosis in degenerating cells to prevent tumorgenesis in the testicular cells [32], thus the role of Zn+Se can be described as protective to the testicular epithelium and lymphocytic system but possesses less activation effects for lymphocytes in the control and Pb treated groups. These metals have also been found to maintain cell order by destroying tumorgenic cells and thus preventing cancer. Se+Zn deficiency extent of the damage generate several auto immune deficiencies.

Conclusion
CD3, CD20 and CD68 are distributed within the epithelium and the interstitium of the Pb treated testis, the expression level is influenced by the extent of the damage posed by Pb toxicity and not by the proliferative tendencies of Se+Zn treatment did protect the germinal epithelium and the macrophage/lymphocyte cell lines.