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Hematuria
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Hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It may be benign. If white blood cells are found in addition to red blood cells, then it is a signal of urinary tract infection. Types: Hematuria is of two types 1. Microscopic hematuria - Small amounts of blood can be seen on light microscopy or urinanalysis. 2. Macroscopic hematuria –Gross hematuria Diagnosis: Sometimes the cause of hematuria can be elucidated solely on the basis of the medical history and urine testing, or urinalysis.
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Causes Urinary tract infection with bacteria. The vast majority of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli, with a smaller percentage due toKlebsiella,pneumonia and Staphylococcus saprophyticus , Nephrolithiasis,stones in the kidney, bladder or ureter ,Trauma. Cancer of the kidney, prostate or bladder Other causes includes: Glomerular bleeding: eg: IgA nephropathy ("Berger's disease"), Alport syndrome, thin basement membrane disease ,Sickle cell disease.
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Statistics Prevalence of renal complications in our cohort was found to be relatively low, predominantly hematuria (6.3%) and proteinuria (3.2%). The multivariable analysis indicated that earlier development of acute kidney injury was significantly associated with older age (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.16, confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.27), preexisting hypertension (aHR 3.05, CI 1.09-8.60), and preexisting hematuria (aHR 2.87, CI 1.05-7.93). Earlier development of chronic renal failure was significantly associated with older age (aHR 1.20, CI 1.08-1.32).