Phantom Pain

The neurological basis and mechanisms for phantom limb pain are all derived from experimental theories and observations. Little is known about the true mechanism causing phantom pains, and many theories highly overlap. Historically, phantom pains were thought to originate from neuromas located at the stump tip. Traumatic neuromas, or non-tumor nerve injuries, often arise from surgeries and result from the abnormal growth of injured nerve fibers. Although stump neuromas contribute to phantom pains, they are not the sole cause. This is because patients with congenital limb deficiency can sometimes, although rarely, experience phantom pains. This suggests that there is a central representation of the limb responsible for painful sensations. Currently, theories are based on altered neurological pathways and cortical reorganization. Although they are highly intertwined, mechanisms are often separated into peripheral, spinal, and central mechanisms.

Various methods have been used to treat phantom limb pain. Some antidepressants or antiepileptics have been shown to have a beneficial effect on reducing phantom limb pain. Tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, and sodium channel blockers, mainly carbamazepine, are often used to relieve chronic pain, and recently have been used in an attempt to reduce phantom pains. Pain relief may also be achieved through use of opioids, ketamine, calcitonin, and lidocaine. Often physical methods such as light massage, electrical stimulation, and hot and cold therapy have been used with variable results. Most treatments do not take into account the mechanisms underlying phantom pains, and are therefore ineffective. However, there are a few treatment options that have been shown to alleviate pain in some patients, but these treatment options usually have a success rate less than 30%.

Many researches are in progress and different organizations along with government are encouraging such projects.

Chronic pain is a healthcare problem of enormous proportions, directly affecting nearly 20% of adults and associated with massive financial costs (Breivik et al. 2006). At least 25% of this burden is attributable to “neuropathic pain,” pain that follows nerve damage.