Maternal Obesity: A Global Health Problem and It's Implications on Maternal and Fetal Health

Objective: To compare maternal complications and labor outcome in obese and non–obese women. Materials and methods: It is a retrospective comparative study conducted at the Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Unit 1, Civil Hospital, Karachi from December 2008 to December 2009. A sample size of 220 gravid women is selected by Non Probability Convenience sampling technique. In these 110 obese women as cases was compared with 110 non–obese women as controls, booked at <20 weeks of gestation. Data were collected regarding maternal complication, mode of delivery and neonatal outcome by trained medical officers. Data were entered and analyzed by SPSS version 11.0 through descriptive analysis, chi–square test and independent sample t test. The p–value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Pregnancy induced hypertension was present in 9 (8.2%) women in control group and 21 (19.1%) in cases (p=0.01). Gestational diabetes was seen in one (0.9%) in control compared to 8 (7.3%) in obese women (p=0.01). Obese women were found to be at increased risk of caesarean section [17 (15.5%) Vs. 39 (35.4%), p=0.002]. Apgar score at 1 and 10 minute were lower in cases compared to controls

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of childbearing age is a growing public health. The average body mass index (BMI) is increasing among all age categories and women enter pregnancy at higher weights. Women are also more likely to retain gestational weight with each pregnancy. Women who are overweight (BMI 25-30) and obese (BMI ≥30) are at greater risk of adverse reproductive health outcomes compared to women of normal weight status  (1).

Journal of Family and Reproductive Health
The increasing rate of maternal obesity provides a major challenge to obstetric practice. Maternal obesity can result in negative outcomes for both women and fetuses. The maternal risks during pregnancy include gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. The fetus is at risk for stillbirth and congenital anomalies. Obesity in pregnancy can also affect health later in life for both mother and child. For women, these risks include heart disease and hypertension. Children have a risk of future obesity and heart disease. Women and their offspring are at increased risk for diabetes. Obstetrician-gynecologists are well positioned to prevent and treat this epidemic (2).
Obesity is present in 35% of maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. Recent evidence show a doubling in the prevalence of obesity in young women attending for antenatal care in maternity hospitals in the UK (in some places, almost one in five are now obese) (3).
Marked obesity is a hazard to pregnant women and fetus. Hypertensive disorders, including pre existing hypertension and pregnancy induced hypertension are more common in women with excessive weight although prevalence rates in different reports vary widely (7%-46%) (4). Gestational diabetes affects 7%-17% of obese women; other problems associated with obesity include gallstones, urinary tract infections, post natal hemorrhage and possibly thrombophlebitis (5).
Obese women are more likely to give birth large for gestational age infants. Poor fetal growth is not usually seen in obese women. There is no clear evidence that obese women without prenatal complications is at increased risk for labor and delivery complications such as dysfunctional labor, shoulder dystocia and birth asphyxia (6). There is conflicting evidence about the effect of obesity on perinatal mortality (5).
Various studies suggested that the caesarean section rate for obese women is slightly higher than that for women of normal weight (7).
Increasing obesity in the developed and under-developed world is a pertinent issue with the escalating health and economic burden of obesity related diseases. The majority of public and research focus has been on chronic conditions such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer, which tend to affect the older population. However, overweight and obese pregnant women are known to be at increased risk of a number of important complications when compared to mothers with normal body mass index. These include increased pregnancy loss, increased medical and intrapartum complications (8). Marked obesity is a hazard to the pregnant women and her fetus .In 1993 the American college of obstetrics and gynecologist released its BMI classification of maternal weight and optimal weight gain during pregnancy.
Maternal obesity has been associated with an increased risk for gestational diabetes mellitus.
This increased risk is primarily related to an exaggerated increase in insulin resistance in the obese state (9). Women who are obese during pregnancy and develop gestational diabetes have been shown to have a 2-fold increased prevalence of subsequent type 2 diabetes as compared to lean women (10). Therefore maternal obesity is a significant long-term risk factor for type 2 diabetes (11).
Maternal weight and BMI have been validated as independent risk factors for pre-eclampsia (12). Edwards and her colleagues showed there is an increased incidence of post-partum haemorrhage (13).
Obese gravidas have an increased incidence of labor induction as compared with their lean counterparts. Johnson et al showed there was significantly increased incidence of prolonged second stage of labor Oxytocin augmentation and failure to progress (14).
The primary Intra-partum complication of obesity is an increased risk for cesarean delivery which is three; fold increased in obese women. Caesarean section in obese gravidas is associated with prolonged incision to delivery interval, blood loss >1000 ml, longer operative times, wound infection, and Endometritis (15).
Obese gravidas are at higher risk for postpartum endomyometritis, laceration episiotomy infection and wound infection (16). In Pakistan no data regarding incidence of obesity in pregnancy is available however data from the national health survey of Pakistan, 1990-1994 showed the prevalence of obesity (BMI > or = 25 kg/m 2 ) in reproductive age (25-44 years) is 14% for women in rural areas, while in urban areas prevalence is 37% (17).
Perinatal mortality has increased two fold compared with the general population. In 1979, Sutherland and co-workers reported that obese pregnant women had an increased fetal loss compared with normal weight women, especially if the obese women developed gestational diabetes (18).
We tried to evaluate the impact of obesity among pregnant women, its risk factors and their association with adverse labor outcomes. Awareness of these risks can lead to heightened surveillance and diagnosis. Two practical interventions that may result in the most significant reductions are: pre conception weight reducetion and limitation of maternal weight gain in obese gravidas.

M M M Materials and aterials and aterials and aterials and Methods Methods Methods Methods
It is a retrospective comparative study conducted at Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Unit 1, Civil Hospital, Karachi from Dec 2008 to December 2009. A sample size of 220 gravid women is selected by Non Probability Convenience sampling technique. In these 110 obese women as cases were compared with 110 non-obese women as controls. The selection criteria was: obesity which is defined as body mass index of more than 29kg/m square ;gestational diabetes mellitus which is defined as fasting glucose level of > 8 mmol/l & 2 hour post glucose level > 11 mmol/l using a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test.(WHO 1980); pregnancy induced hypertension which is defined as hypertension and or proteinuria developing after 20 weeks of pregnancy, during labor or the puerperium in a previously normotensive nonproteinuric women (Dew Hurt's textbook of obstetrics and Gynecology). Information regarding age, education, parity, BMI, booking gestation and gestation at the time of admission in labor ward maternal complications, pregnancy outcome and neonatal period were corded and entered on redesigned performa for each patient by research residents. The women were weighed and height measured at their first maternity care visit and mostly between 13 and 18 weeks of gestation. BMI was calculated as kilogram/meter squared and were grouped into obese (BMI >29 Kg/m 2 ) and non-obese (BMI 19.8-26 Kg/m 2 ). Maternal complications were noted such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, thromboembolic disease and urinary tract infections .Any treatment received by women for these complications or for others was also noted. Onset of labor whether spontaneous or induced, duration of labor, mode of delivery, status of newborn whether alive or dead, Apgar score recorded at 1 and 10 minutes in both groups and weight of baby measured in kilograms were also recorded. Any need for neonatal intensive care admission was noted. Neonatal survival in 1 st seven days and any congenital anomalies were considered.
Data were entered and analyzed by SPSS version 11.0 descriptive analysis i.e. mean and standard deviation for continuous variables (age of patients, duration of labor, etc) and frequency and percentage for categorical variables(ante partum complication, neonatal survival etc). The comparative analysis was calculated by using Chi-square test for categorical variables i.e. maternal risk factors, mode of delivery, neonatal intensive care admission and labor outcome and independent sample t test for continuous variables i.e. duration of labor, birth weights and Apgar score. P-value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results Results Results
The mean age of cases was 27.5 years and the mean age of control group was 25.7 years. Among cases 75 (68.2%) women and among controls 70 (63%) women booked between 13 and 18 weeks of gestation. Totally 75 (68.2%) obese women and 96 (87.3%) controls showed ante partum complications which difference is statistically significant (p = 0.001) ( Table 1).
Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) was present in 21 (19%) obese and 9 (8.1%) controls which is significantly different in rate (p= 0.01). Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was present in 8 (7.2%) obese women and only in one (0.9%) woman in normal weight with a statistically significant difference (p=0.01). Regarding mode of delivery among the cases 68 (61%) while in controls 84 (76%) delivered by SVD and in cases 39 (35.4%) delivered by LSCS whereas 17 (15.4 %) women in controls delivered by LSCS; which is Table  Table Table  Table 1 Table  Table Table  Table 2 2 2 2: : : : Comparison of birth weight between two groups

Obese (n = 110) P-Value
The comparison of Apgar scores between two groups is summarized in table 3. In case group 3 neonates (2.7%) died during the early neonatal period compared to one in normal weight women which is not statistically significant (p=0.5) ( Table 3).

Discussion Discussion Discussion
Obesity is the commonest nutritional disorder at all ages in both developing and non developing countries.
The increased medical, surgical and anesthetic hazards of obesity are well known (19). However there are relatively few studies of obesity in pregnancy.
In present study, the maternal demographics did not show significant difference between two groups. In the study the frequency of pregnancy induced hypertension (P.I.H.) was considerably high in cases as compared to control women (19.1% Vs 9%) (p=0.01). Sibai et al who reported the incidence of PIH as 12.6% (p<0.0001), made similar observations (12).
The results of our study are similar to that was reported by David and co-workers in 2005 who found 12.6% of pregnancy-induced hypertension (P.I.H) in study of 364 women with a BMI >30 kg/m 2 (20). This shows that obese women are more prone to PIH (21).
Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In our study the frequency of GDM is 7.3% in obese versus 0.9% in non-obese (p= <0.0001) which is comparable with the data of Gross et al who reported a 6.5% incidence of GDM (22). In our study no significant difference was found between cases & controls regarding other maternal complications e.g. thrombo-embolic disease, P.I.H + GDM & urinary tract infections.
In our study the frequency of induction of labor in obese women was higher compared to non-obese women (32 % Vs 19%). Similar positive association with maternal obesity was also observe by Kirin (23).
In our study the mean durations of labor in 1 st and 2 nd stages were not statistically different between two groups. However the mean duration of 3rd stage of labor (5.7 Vs 7.8) in minutes was statistically different between the two groups (p=0.01). These results are consistent with the results of study performed by Kirin TSU which showed no difference in the duration of 1 st & 2 nd stages of labor between obese & controls (23).
The most common complication of obesity is an increased risk for cesarean delivery (24). Both prepregnancy obesity and excessive maternal weight gain contribute to an increased caesarean risk. Our study also supports this speculation because there is a significantly increased risk of caesarean section among cases compared to controls (37.3% Vs 14.3%) with p=0.0001.
Obesity is associated with birth of a large for gestational age neonates. In our study, the mean birth weights of newborn infants in cases was 3.1 ± 0.7 kg against a mean birth weight of 2.9 ± in controls (p= 0.05). In study by Le Thai and colleagues showed obese women compared to normal weight women gave birth infants, which were large for dates (3.7 kg Vs. 3.2 kg) (25).
In our study the number of perinatal deaths increased from none in non-obese women to 5 of 110 in the offspring of obese women (p=0.03).Out of 5 deaths among obese mothers three were Preterm, one at term (intrauterine death) and one post term (early neonatal death) .These results agree with the Kristensen J, who reported that obese women had more than twice the risk of stillbirth (Odds ratio=2.8, 95% confidence interval [C I]: 1.5-5.3) (26).
The Apgar score of 17 infants born to obese women at one minute was less than 7 compared to only 4 infants in controls with p=0.000. Apgar score at 10 minute between two groups was also statistically significant. (p=0.04) These results are consistent with the Florence and colleagues reported low Apgar score in infants of obese mothers than in infants of normal weight mothers. However in another study by Usha Kirin Apgar score at 5 minutes was not statistically different between obese and non-obese mothers (23).
In our study babies born to women with a (BMI >29) required more admissions to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) compared to control group that is 17(11.5%) Vs 6(5.5%) with p=0.05.Usha Kirin made similar observations (23).
Our study did not show increased risk of early neonatal deaths that is only one baby died during 1 st seven days in both groups (p=0.50). These results are in contrast to Kristensen J who reported more than doubled the risk of neonatal death. (Odds ratio=2.6, 95% CI: 1.2-5.8) (26).
Maternal obesity has been associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations. In our study no association between obesity and congenital malformations was seen.

Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion
Obese women are at increased risk of pregnancy induced obesity and associated with an increased risk of hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, thromboembolic disease and urinary tract infection. Not only does maternal obesity affect the woman, but it also impacts the health of the child, leading to increased childhood obesity and diabetes.
Policy should be made for BMI of all mothers to be calculated at booking as a part of the full risk assessment and should be offered advice about sensible weight reduction, including diet and exercise and referral to a dietician where appropriate.
Also obese mothers should be informed about how to recognize early warning signs of complications.