A Double-Function of PD-ECGF/TP Protein that Predict Response to Target Chemotherapy

similarities with TP among which is TP activity [11]. Sequence analysis of the gene revealed a stretch of 120 amino acid to be identical to TP. Spraggon G. [12] based upon the already published three-dimensionalstructure of TP [13] and the biochemical and biophysical similarities between PD-ECGF and TP [14] suggested that human PD-ECGF was be same as human TP. How does TP induce angiogenesis? There are a lot of facts and a lot of hypothesis. It has been observed that TP strongly induces revascularization and plays an important role in angiogenesis, tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Deoxy-D-ribose (DR) one of the degradation products of thymidine generated by TP activity has both angiogenic and chemotactic activity [15]. Both DR and TP inhibit a hypoxia-induced apoptotic pathway [16]. These findings suggest that DR is a downstream mediator of TP function. 2-deoxy-D-ribose, a stereoisomer of DR inhibits the promotion of angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis by TP [17,18]. Recent evidence suggests that DR effects endothelial cell migration though activation of the integrin downstream signaling pathway. It was known that DR may be an important energy source under hypoxic conditions. Many reports suggest that TP privotal for tumor progression [19].


Introduction
The intensity of cellular DNA synthesis and, thus, cell division, depends on the level of the deoxythymidine triphoshphate (dTTP), the key precursor for DNA synthesis). In human body dTTP is synthesized following one of the two possible pathways. They are both "de novo" synthesis from simple precursors: NH 3 , CO 2 , amino acids and "salvage pathway" from thymine and thymidine, create dTTP, which can be reincorporated into DNA. Thymidine phosphorylase (TP, EC 2.42.4.) is one from the key regulatory enzymes of "salvage pathway". TP first described in mammalian tissue in 1953 and then purified of plant, animal and bacterial sources [1,2]. This enzyme catalyses phosphorolysis of the nucleosidic linkage of pyrimidine-2-deoxynucleosides with the formation of the thymine and deoxyribose ( Figure 1).
Numerous immunohistochemical and TP-enzyme activity studies have shown that TP participates in many pathological and nonpathological processes. In main metabolic function appears to be catabolic, although some bacteria and tumors utilize the reverse reaction anabolicaly under stress of certain genetic or dietary deficiency. The catabolic function of TP is also suggested that the enzymatic activity is inhibited by thymine and enhanced by thymidine. The biochemical characterization of TP demonstrated that the enzyme has a low substrate specificity being able to recognize not only thymidine but also deoxypyrimidine [3] and some pyrimidine analogs [4][5][6]. Besides, resent studies have suggested, that TP plays a key role in maintaining the balance of the nucleoside pool and controlling nucleic acid gomeostasis, by ensuring the correct supply of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) for DNA replication and repair [7].
Various kinds of solid tumors express TP and high TP-activity is correlated with micro vessel density. A recent study has reported that TP enhances interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression [8] and various inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) interleukin 1α (IL-1α) and interferon γ (IFN-γ).
IFN-γ most effectively increased the expression of TP in cultured human monocytic cells [9]. Nevertheless, how TP expression is upregulated in human tumors is still unclear.
In 1987 a novel angiogenic factor was investigated in platelet lysate [10], which was thought to be a classic growth factor, that binds its cell receptor to exert angiogenetic activity. This factor was named plateletderived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF). In 1992, during the characterization of different variants of PD-ECGF transcripts, Usaka and colleagues observed that the amino acid sequence of human PD-ECGF is homologues to that of E. coli thymidine physphorylase and reported, that PD-ECGF had additional structural and biochemical

Abstract
High mortality rate of Ebola infections and less therapeutic options baffle the worldwide scientists and hamper the medical capability against disease spreads or disease-induced deaths and our understanding into this deadest virus. This article is to outline multi-facet factors of causing Ebola epidemics and further discuss several pathways to update present medical capabilities worldwide and solve this enigma forever. (CD-31-stained blood vessels) in a series of 110-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors. Tumor size was not found to be associated with TK, TP, Ki-67. These findings provide additional evidence for the role of thimidine metabolism in the complex interaction of proliferation and angiogenesis [22].
Recent studies have suggested that direct 5-Fluorouracil (FUra) anabolism to active Fur/UMP through the DNA pathway could result in high drug efficacy and demonstrated that TP was the limiting step of FUra tumoral activation following the DNA pathway yielding tumoral TP activity could therefore enhance drug response by augmenting the direct formation of the active metabolite Flu/UMP [23,24]. Since last century the 5-Fu with other anticancer agents and prodrugs from group of fluoropyrimidine are widely used. These drugs provide the basis for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in combination with various types of surgical procedures and different methods of polychemotherapy (endolymphatic and intra-arterial chemotherapy). Although our results [24] and many reports from other laboratories suggest that TP is pivotal for tumor progression and may be used for diagnosis and treatment of oncology patients.
We have also provided that TP activity changes in the blood serum of patients with gastric cancer demonstrate their activity peculiarities in tissues. Thus far, we have not direct proof of the presence of isoenzyme forms of TP, but different localization in the cytosol and in the nucleus is known to be capable of isoenzymes. Our results raise the possibility that the control of individual dynamics of TP activity in blood serum of gastric cancer patients may be useful as information tool for monitoring of patients and treatment optimization [24].
Finally, TP can also play a role in chemotherapy, since it is involved in the metabolisation and degradation of several nucleoside analogs. In the light of the important role by TP activity both in tumor angiogenesis and in the synthesis of anticancer drugs, the ways for the discovery and the development of novel TP properties and inhibitors.