Clinical Research on Foot & Ankle
Open Access

The ankle is the part of the lower limb encompassing the distal a part of the leg and proximal portions of the foot. The ankle encompasses the ankle joint, an articulation between the tibia and fibula of the leg and the talus of the foot. See the net web page for ankle joint for greater records.

The foot is the part of the decrease limb distal to the ankle joint. It is blanketed on its dorsal ground through loosely adherent pores and pores and pores and pores and pores and pores and pores and skin and on its plantar/inferior floor thru thick hairless pores and pores and pores and pores and pores and skin that is difficult and strongly adherent to the underlying plantar aponeurosis. The foot consists of 26 small bones which might be designed for weight bearing and stress distribution. The bony alignment creates 3 arches the provide inexperienced weight distribution at the identical time as keeping off compression of plantar neuro-vascular systems. The 3 arches, medial and lateral longitudinal and the transverse arch collectively create an architectural vault that is one of the most powerful load-bearing structures stated to mankind.

He dorsum of the foot has only one muscle (may be 2 relying on category). That is the extensor digitorum brevis (some authors name the most medial part of this muscle extensor hallucis brevis). Tendons are the principle collagenous systems in the dorsum. The tendons connect anterior/dorsiflexor compartment muscle tissue of the leg to the foot bones.

The plantar element of the foot includes the difficult fibrous plantar aponeurosis overlaying muscle tissues and tendons organized in 4 layers, numbered from 1 superficial to four deep:

Layer 1 consists of the abductor didgiti minimi, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor halluces. Layer 2 consists of the quadratus plantae, the lumbricals and the long tendons of flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus. Layer 3 consists of the flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis and flexor digiti minimi brevis. Layer 4 consists of the interosseous muscles and the long tendons of peroneus/fibularis longus and tibialis posterior.

Ankle ligament harm is the most frequent cause of acute ankle ache. Subsequently, it is critical to recognize the anatomy of ankle ligaments for correct diagnosis and remedy.

Based on their anatomical roles, the ligaments of the ankle can be categorized into three groups: The lateral ligaments, the medial side deltoid ligament and the tibiofibular syndesmosis ligaments, which are a component of the distal epiphyses of the tibia and fibula.

Ligaments of the ankle lateral aspect primal

Anterior talofibular ligament: It's far the maximum frequently injured ligament of the ankle. This ligament performs a vital role in proscribing anterior displacement of the talus and plantar flexion of the ankle.

Posterior talofibular ligament: The posterior talofibular ligament originates from the malleolar fossa, located on the medial surface of the lateral malleolus, coursing nearly horizontally to insert within the posterolateral talus. Its miles the most powerful ligament of the lateral ankle. Performs most effective a supplementary role in ankle balance whilst the lateral ligament complex is intact.

Calcaneofibular ligament: The anterior portion of the lateral malleolus is where the calcaneofibular ligament begins. Its main function is to prevent talar tilt within the ankle mortise by preventing subtalar inversion and preventing inversion in an unbiased or dorsiflexed function.

The Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL), also known as the deltoid ligament, is composed of both superficial and deep layers. The Multifascicular Ligament (MCL), which attaches to the talus, calcaneus and navicular bone, originates in the medial malleolus. Generally speaking, it keeps the talus from tilting valgus. The superficial and deep layers keep the hind foot from everting on their own. Furthermore, it provides ankle stability against plantar flexion, external rotation and pronation.

The anterior or anteroinferior tibiofibular ligament, the posterior or posteroinferior tibiofibular ligament and the interosseous tibiofibular ligament make up the ligaments of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. The axial, rotational and translational pressures that try to separate the tibia and fibula are resisted by the syndesmotic ligament complex, which also maintains stability between the distal tibia and the fibula.