An Experimental Investigation into the Thermal Properties of Nano Fluid

In this paper, the results of the experimental investigation on the thermal properties of Nano fluid are presented. The effect of sonication time, settling time and temperature on the thermal conductivity, viscosity and specific heat of zinc oxide (ZnO, 14 nm and 25 nm size) and single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT, 10nm size) based Nano fluid are investigated and the results of ZnO with DI water and ethylene glycol (EG) as base fluids are compared. The experimental results indicate that the studied parameters have a remarkable effect on the thermal properties of Nano fluid. The rate of enhancement in thermal conductivity of EG based Nano fluid is found to be less than that of water based Nano fluid. The SWCNT based DI water Nano fluid found to be very unstable i.e. the nanoparticles settle down very rapidly. The 0.02% volume fraction of SWCNT nanoparticles suspension results in 10% increase in the specific heat of DI water. A decrement of 24% and 13% in the specific heat of 14 nm size ZnO based Nano fluid were obtained at a volume fraction of 0.001% and 0.002% respectively. water based ZnO Nano fluid s. The experiments were also carried out with SWCNT as nanoparticles and water as base fluid for a volume fraction of 1%. The thermal conductivity was measured by Decagon devices KD2Pro Thermal Properties Analyzer (Decagon Devices Inc., Pullman, WA, USA). The Viscosity of the sample is measured by the instrument named Brookfield DV III Rheometer (Brookfield DV III Ultra Manual). This rheometer is a cone plate viscometer which is a precise torque meter. Results and Discussion Several measurements were carried out for DI water and ethylene glycol as basefluids, to investigate the effect of sonication time, settling time and temperature on the thermal properties of the Nano fluid. In Figure 1, the relative thermal conductivity of ZnO Nano fluid s increases for both basefluids ethylene glycol and DI water. The relative thermal conductivity of ZnO ethylene glycol based Nano fluid s shows low enhancement as compare to DI water based Nano fluid s, because the ethylene glycol has more viscosity due to which ZnO nanoparticles takes more time to disperse in ethylene glycol basefluids. As a result, surface to volume ratio decreases in ethylene glycol based Nano fluid s. In Figure 2, the samples were prepared by dispersing nanoparticles in ultra-bath sonicator up to 8 hours with basefluids ethylene glycol and DI water. The relative thermal conductivity of ZnO ethylene glycol and DI water based Nano fluid s decreases as the settling time increases because, as time increases the nanoparticles which were dispersed in basefluids, starts agglomerated due to which cluster formed and settle down as the time increases. The decreases rate of relative thermal conductivity in ethylene glycol based Nano fluid s is less as compare to DI water based Nano fluid s because, the viscosity of ethylene glycol is Journal of Applied Mechanical Engineering J o u r n al o f A pp lied ical Eninee r i n g


Introduction
Nano fluid came into picture in the field of heat transfer in systems since it was introduced by Choi [1]. The heat transfer coefficient of a fluid depends on thermal properties like conductivity, viscosity and specific heat. So far the effect of particle size, volume fraction and temperature was studied by many researchers [2][3][4][5] but the effect of sonication and settling time on Nano fluid is studied by few researchers [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Calvin [12] investigated effect of volume fraction and temperature on the CuO and Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles based water Nano fluid and the results showed an increase of 52% in the thermal conductivity of DI water, when CuO nanoparticles were dispersed at a volume fraction of 6% [13]. Also, an increase of 30% in the conductivity of Al 2 O 3 based Nano fluid was reported at volume fraction 10% in a temperature range of 27.5 to 34.7°C. Jang [14] investigated the effect of temperature and volume fraction on the viscosity Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles dispersed in water, the results reported an increase of 2.9% in the viscosity of base fluid at a volume fraction of 0.3% and with the increase in temperature the viscosity of Nano fluid decreases continuously [15,16]. The results of Zhou [17] showed that the specific heat of water decreases by 50%, when Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles were dispersed in a volume fraction range of 0 to 21.7% [18]. In this paper, the effect of volume fraction, sonication time, settling time, diameter of particles and temperature on the thermal properties of zinc oxide and single walled carbon nanotube based Nano fluid s is presented.

Experimental Procedure
In order to study the effect of various parameters on thermal properties (Thermal conductivity, viscosity and specific heat) of Nano fluid, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) has been purchased from Rainste Nano Ventures Pvt. Ltd., Noida. The average diameter of ZnO powders are 14 nm and 25 nm with 1nm surfactant coating of oleic acid and of SWCNT is 10 nm. The density of ZnO nanoparticles and SWCNT is 5600 kg/ m 3 and 0.05 kg/m 3 respectively. The as received powders are sealed, dried and loosely agglomerated. The two step method was used to prepare ZnO based ethylene glycol (EG) Nano fluid s of two different volume fractions; 0.01% and 0.05%. The relative thermal conductivity and viscosity of EG based ZnO Nano fluid s are compared with DI *Corresponding author: Tushar A Sinha, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala 147004, India, Tel: +91 9592057464; E-mail: honeysinha497@gmail.com

Abstract
In this paper, the results of the experimental investigation on the thermal properties of Nano fluid are presented. The effect of sonication time, settling time and temperature on the thermal conductivity, viscosity and specific heat of zinc oxide (ZnO, 14 nm and 25 nm size) and single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT, 10nm size) based Nano fluid are investigated and the results of ZnO with DI water and ethylene glycol (EG) as base fluids are compared. The experimental results indicate that the studied parameters have a remarkable effect on the thermal properties of Nano fluid. The rate of enhancement in thermal conductivity of EG based Nano fluid is found to be less than that of water based Nano fluid. The SWCNT based DI water Nano fluid found to be very unstable i.e. the nanoparticles settle down very rapidly. The 0.02% volume fraction of SWCNT nanoparticles suspension results in 10% increase in the specific heat of DI water. A decrement of 24% and 13% in the specific heat of 14 nm size ZnO based Nano fluid were obtained at a volume fraction of 0.001% and 0.002% respectively.
water based ZnO Nano fluid s. The experiments were also carried out with SWCNT as nanoparticles and water as base fluid for a volume fraction of 1%. The thermal conductivity was measured by Decagon devices KD2Pro Thermal Properties Analyzer (Decagon Devices Inc., Pullman, WA, USA). The Viscosity of the sample is measured by the instrument named Brookfield DV III Rheometer (Brookfield DV III Ultra Manual). This rheometer is a cone plate viscometer which is a precise torque meter.

Results and Discussion
Several measurements were carried out for DI water and ethylene glycol as basefluids, to investigate the effect of sonication time, settling time and temperature on the thermal properties of the Nano fluid. In Figure 1, the relative thermal conductivity of ZnO Nano fluid s increases for both basefluids ethylene glycol and DI water. The relative thermal conductivity of ZnO ethylene glycol based Nano fluid s shows low enhancement as compare to DI water based Nano fluid s, because the ethylene glycol has more viscosity due to which ZnO nanoparticles takes more time to disperse in ethylene glycol basefluids. As a result, surface to volume ratio decreases in ethylene glycol based Nano fluid s. In Figure 2, the samples were prepared by dispersing nanoparticles in ultra-bath sonicator up to 8 hours with basefluids ethylene glycol and DI water. The relative thermal conductivity of ZnO ethylene glycol and DI water based Nano fluid s decreases as the settling time increases because, as time increases the nanoparticles which were dispersed in basefluids, starts agglomerated due to which cluster formed and settle down as the time increases. The decreases rate of relative thermal conductivity in ethylene glycol based Nano fluid s is less as compare to DI water based Nano fluid s because, the viscosity of ethylene glycol is more due to which nanoparticles will not settle down, as in DI water based Nano fluid s (Figures 1 and 2). Figure 3 shows the relative thermal conductivity of ZnO-ethylene glycol and ZnO-DI water Nano fluid s increases as the temperature increases because with the increase in temperature, Brownian motion of nanoparticles increase which excites the particles due to which random motion of nanoparticles increases and the particles starts strikes with each other and transfer the heat energy. Figure 4 shows that the relative viscosity of EG-ZnO Nano fluid decreases with the increase in sonication time, but increases in the case of water-ZnO Nano fluid. The viscosity of water based Nano fluid is more than ethylene glycol based Nano fluid. Also with the increase in size and volume fraction of nanoparticles in base fluid, the relative viscosity of Nano fluid increases continuously. The relative viscosity of ethylene glycol based Nano fluid comes very close to 1 at zero hours of sonication. In Figure 5, the rate of enhancement in viscosity of EG-ZnO Nano fluid is less as compared to water-ZnO Nano fluid. This is because the particles in Nano fluid start to settle down and agglomerate as the sonication of Nano fluid is stopped. As the viscosity of ethylene glycol is comparatively higher than that of water, which makes the particles suspended for a longer time due to which, there is less increase in the viscosity of ethylene      glycol based Nano fluid (Figures 3-5).
In Figures 6 and 7, the variation of specific heat of 14 nm and 25 nm sized ZnO-water Nano fluid with temperature is shown. The specific heat of Nano fluid is found to be increasing with the increase in temperature for a range of 30° to 50°C. But the specific heat of water remains unchanged [11] for the specified range (Figures 6 and 7).
In Figures 8 and 9, the relative thermal conductivity of SWCNT -water Nano fluid increases with the increase in sonication time and decreases with the increase in settling time. In Figures 10 and 11, the viscosity of Nano fluid is decreasing with the increase in sonication time and increases with the increase in settling time. Also with the increase in power of sonication, the conductivity of Nano fluid is increasing and viscosity of Nano fluid is decreasing (Figures 8-11).

Conclusion
The results of the current investigation clearly indicate that the thermal conductivity of Nano fluid increases with the increase in the sonication time, but the viscosity of Nano fluid decreases with it. Also with the increase in settling time, the thermal conductivity decreases and viscosity increases. With the increase in temperature, the thermal conductivity and specific heat of Nano fluid increases and viscosity decreases.

Acknowledgement
Thapar University-Seed Money Grant (Financial Assistance).