Biopolymers Research
Open Access

Silk biopolymers; Collagen scaffolds; Regenerative medicine; Protein-based biomaterials; Cell-matrix interactions; Biocompatibility; Tissue regeneration; ECM mimics; Natural polymers; Biomedical applications

Introduction

In regenerative medicine, the selection of scaffold materials that closely mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial for promoting cell growth, differentiation, and tissue repair. Natural protein-based biopolymers such as silk fibroin and collagen have gained increasing attention due to their unique combination of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and structural similarity to human tissues [1-5]. Collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body, provides mechanical support and cellular cues, while silk fibroin offers exceptional mechanical strength, slow degradation, and the ability to form various structures including films, sponges, and fibers. Together, these proteins are being explored for a variety of regenerative applications such as skin repair, nerve regeneration, bone and cartilage healing, and vascular tissue engineering. This paper explores the expanding applications and synergistic use of silk and collagen-based biopolymers in creating next-generation scaffolds and implants that promote efficient tissue regeneration [6-10].

Discussion

Silk fibroin and collagen have complementary properties that make them ideal candidates for hybrid biomaterials in regenerative medicine. Silk provides mechanical robustness and processability, while collagen contributes to cell recognition, adhesion, and bioactivity. Collagen-based scaffolds are widely used in clinical applications like wound dressings and dermal substitutes due to their excellent biocompatibility and ability to support fibroblast proliferation. However, collagen alone is often mechanically weak and rapidly degraded. Incorporating silk fibroin enhances the durability and lifespan of such scaffolds without compromising biocompatibility. Recent innovations include electrospun silk-collagen fibers, 3D bioprinted constructs, and injectable hydrogels that mimic the anisotropic architecture of native tissues. These composites can also be functionalized with growth factors, peptides, or nanoparticles to deliver therapeutic agents or promote specific cell responses. Moreover, the use of decellularized matrices in combination with silk and collagen has shown promise in creating biomimetic environments that facilitate natural tissue regeneration. Despite the benefits, challenges such as batch variability, immune response to animal-derived proteins, and long-term integration in vivo still require attention. Standardizing extraction and fabrication processes, along with rigorous in vivo testing, will be critical for their successful translation into clinical use.

Conclusion

Silk and collagen-based biopolymers are emerging as powerful tools in the field of regenerative medicine, offering a blend of strength, biocompatibility, and biological functionality. Their ability to form tunable, bioactive, and ECM-like scaffolds makes them ideal for supporting complex tissue repair and regeneration. By combining the natural advantages of both proteins, researchers can design advanced biomaterials that fulfill the diverse needs of regenerative therapies. As research advances and manufacturing becomes more standardized, these biopolymers are expected to play a transformative role in the development of personalized and effective regenerative treatments.