Estimation of Bone-on-Bone Forces at the Tibiofemoral Joint during Forward and Backward Stair Descent

Objective: Backward stair descent has attracted attention from the viewpoint of injury prevention. Previous studies have shown that knee extension moment is lower during the backward stair descent than during the forward stair descent. However, it remains unclear whether the bone-on-bone force at the tibiofemoral joint differs between the two stair descent methods. The purpose of this study was to estimate bone-on-bone forces at the tibiofemoral joint during forward and backward stair descent. Methods: Six healthy young men participated in this study. The stair descents were performed in the forward and backward direction using a step-by-step pattern. The muscle tensions of the lower limbs were estimated based on the net joint moments and information provided by the electromyography. The bone-on-bone forces at the tibiofemoral joint were calculated based on the estimated muscle tensions and geometry of limbs. Results: While the knee extension moments were significantly lower during backward stair descent than forward stair descent, the estimated bone-on-bone forces at the tibiofemoral joint in two different descending methods showed no significant difference. The quadriceps femoris tension during backward stair descent was significantly lower than that during forward stair descent. Conclusions: The bone-on-bone forces reflect mechanical load to the articular surface. Thus, the results of this study suggested that the load of tibiofemoral articular surface remains unchanged between the forward and backward stair descent. However, backward stair descent might be a relevant method for reduction of quadriceps femoris tensions. Citation: Takabayashi T, Edama M, Yokoyama E, Inai T, Tokunaga Y, et al. (2015) Estimation of Bone-on-Bone Forces at the Tibiofemoral Joint during Forward and Backward Stair Descent. J Arthritis 4: 181. doi:10.4172/2167-7921.1000181


Introduction
Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common, disabling, and expensive disease which predominantly effects on the elderly [1] and has significant impact on the activities of daily living and the quality of life of the patients. Knee OA weakens tissues of the joint with age, including the articular cartilage, joint meniscus, and ligaments. Repeated overloading of the tibiofemoral joint is a factor that contributes to the deterioration of the articular cartilage and associated with initiation and progression of knee OA. Because self-healing is difficult once the articular cartilage has deteriorated [2], patients with knee OA need to minimize tibiofemoral joint overloading in daily activities.
One of the most difficult activities of daily life for patients with knee OA is stair descent [3]. Stair descent requires higher knee moment with more eccentric contraction compared to stair ascent [4,5]. In order to decrease knee joint loads, patients with knee OA are often instructed to use a step-by-step pattern (placing both feet on the same step before descending) during forward stair descent (FD) by putting the more affected limb down first. As an alternative strategy to the FD, backward stair descent (BD) has been suggested as a method of injury prevention. For example, a previous study [6] demonstrated that knee extension moment is lower during BD than during FD. Thus, the BD may offer a less stressful and safer means of descending stairs under certain circumstance.
Furthermore, it has been reported that the different step patterns afferent kinematics of the knee joint. Reid et al. showed stair descent with a step-by-step pattern lowered knee moment and knee power in sagittal plane compared to that with a step-over-step pattern. Thus, a step-by-step pattern may be suitable for clinical relevance.
One of the indicators of the loads to joint is the joint moments derived by a method of the inverse dynamics. This kinetic variable was often used in various studies of movement such as gait [7], squat [8], running [9] as well as stair descent [6]. However, the joint moments are a net effect of tensions generated by antagonist and agonist muscles and may not reflect the amount of mechanical load generated at the articular surface. For instance, when antagonist and agonist muscles produce the same amount of moments, the net joint moment would be zero (e.g. co-contraction).
Bone-on-bone forces are used as an indicator of the mechanical load on the articular surface [7]. The estimation of these forces requires the measurement of muscle tensions crossing the joint and joint reaction forces. While joint reaction forces can be derived from a method of inverse dynamics, individual muscle tension is difficult to measure. Electromyography (EMG) assisted optimization (EAO) is one of noninvasive methods for estimating muscle tensions by combining the mathematical optimization of the joint torques and the information provided by surface EMG. It has been reported that the EAO approach can estimate muscle tensions even under concurrent contractions [10,11].
Estimation of muscle tensions by the EAO approach with information on the limb geometry in combination with the joint moment's inverse dynamics allows us to evaluate the bone-on-bone joint forces. The purpose of this study was to estimate the bone-onbone force at the tibiofemoral joint of the leading leg during both FD and BD using a step-by-step pattern.

Subjects
Six healthy male subjects with similar body height (172.1 ± 2.8 cm), weight (65.7 ± 5.6 kg) and age (23.8 ± 2.6 years) participated in this study. They were free of any musculoskeletal or neurological dysfunctions that may affect the performance of the stair descent. The Niigata University of Health and Welfare (No. 17324-120605) internal review board approved this study. All subjects gave their written informed consent prior to participation.

Experimental procedure
The subjects descended the stairs placed on the force platform with bare feet at comfortable speed. The stair descents were performed in forward and backward using the step-by-step pattern involving dual footfalls at each step ( Figure 1). The focus of the analysis was on the leading leg (right leg in this study). The gait cycle in this study was defined by two consecutive toe contacts of the foot of the leading leg. Prior to data acquisition, the participants were allowed to practice the stair descent repeatedly until they were accustomed to two different methods. A participant performed both the forward and backward stair descents in random order until 5 trials were obtained for each condition. The stairs used in this study consisted of 5 steps and complied with the barrier-free law of Japan (i.e., riser: 160 mm, tread: 300 mm).
Descending motions were captured by a 3D motion analysis system (Vicon, Oxford, UK) that included 11 infrared cameras and 6 force platforms (AMTI Inc, Japan) with a sampling rate of 100 Hz and 1 KHz, respectively. Surface EMG was obtained from 7 muscles of the leading leg at 1 KHz sampling rate, including the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), long head of biceps femoris (BFL), semitendinosus (ST), tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GAS), and soleus (SOL).
Joint angles, net joint moments, and joint reaction forces of the knee and ankle joints were calculated using the Bodybuilder (OMG PLC, UK) followed by zero-lag Butterworth low-pass filter with a 6 Hz cut off frequency. Surface EMG data was processed with zero-lag Butterworth high-pass filter with a 20 Hz cut off, and then full wave rectified. The linear envelope of the surface EMG was created by applying a low-pass filter with a 6 Hz cut-off and then down sampled at 100 Hz to ensure synchronization with other kinetic and kinematic data. Processed surface EMG data was normalized to that of the isometric maximum voluntary contraction of each muscle. All trial data were time normalized to the gait cycle.

Estimation of muscle tensions
The muscle tensions were estimated by the modified version of EAO [10,11] which involved 9 muscles including the RF, Vastus (VAS), ST, semimembranosus muscle (SM), BFL, short head of the biceps femoris (BFS), as well as the TA, GAS and SOL.
The tentative tension of ith muscle F i ' was a product of the muscle's physiological cross section areas (PCSA i ) maximal muscle stress (σ: 50N/m 2 ) [12] and the normalized surface EMG activity of the muscles ( i %MVC ) (Equation 1). In this study, the values of PCSA i were obtained from the previous study [13]. (1) The tentative moment of jth joint generated by ith muscle (M ' ji ) was estimated as a cross product of the lever arm vector (L ji ) [14][15][16][17] and the F i ' (Equation 2). There were two joints involved in the equation (knee and ankle).
( ) Tentative moments were adjusted by the gain (g i ) so that the sum of the adjusted moments became equivalent to the joint moment (M j ) obtained by the inverse dynamics method (Equation 3).
The set of gains (g i ) were also needed in order to minimize the objective function ( ) shown in equation 4.
The individual muscle tension (F i ) was determined as a product of gain (g i ) and tentative muscle tension (F i ' ) (Equation 5).

Statistical analysis
The differences between mean values of the maximal bone-on-bone forces, muscle tensions and the net joint moments at the tibiofemoral joint between the two descending conditions were evaluated by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The statistical significance level was set at 5% (p < 0.05). Figure 2 showed the bone-on-bone forces at the tibiofemoral joint over one gait cycle in the FD and BD. The maximal bone-on-bone forces at the tibiofemoral joint were not significantly different between the FD and BD (41.3 ± 9.7 N/kg at 13% of gait cycle and 44.8 ± 11.4 N/ kg at 17% of gait cycle, respectively). Overall, the bone-on-bone forces showed similar waveform patterns in two conditions. However, the maximal knee extension moment during BD (0.1 ± 0.1 Nm/kg at 34% of the gait cycle) was significantly lower than that during FD (0.3 ± 0.2 Nm/kg at 16% of the gait cycle; Figure 3).

Results
The estimated maximal RF and VAS tensions showed significantly lower values during BD than FD (Table 1)     amounts of external knee flexion moments throughout the stance phase with peak values at initial contact and foot flat during FD. In order to counteract the external flexion moments due to gravity, the knee joint needs to generate high extension moments that require higher quadricep tensions. Clinically, since occurrence of hydrarthroses [19] and increased intramuscular fat [20] due to knee OA cause weakness of quadriceps femoris, the BD might be a more suitable method of descent for people with weak quadriceps femoris such as patients with knee OA and the elderly.

Muscle tensions (N/kg)
Furthermore, the results of present study may have a clinical implication for knee OA patients with patellofemoral pain. Patients with knee OA reported pain at the patellofemoral joint as well as at the tibiofemoral joint [21]. Since the quadriceps femoris tension contributes to the compressive force at the patellofemoral joint [22], the reduced tension of the knee extensors in BD might lead to the alleviation of pain and the prevention of articular cartilage lesions at the patellofemoral joint.
In this study, the estimation of bone-on-bone forces was limited to the sagittal plane. In patients with knee OA, the problem appears not only sagittal plane but also frontal planes, including knee varus deformity [2] and an increase in the external adduction moment during gait [5,23]. Therefore, the sagittal plane model would need to be expanded into a three-dimensional model (e.g. load of medial compartment) in the future. In addition, present study did not estimate shear forces at the tibiofemoral joint. Previous study [24] has reported the antero-posterior laxity of the knee OA in the early stage was greater than control group in knee extension task. Thus, not only compression forces but also shear forces may lead to deterioration of articular cartilage. However, same study [24] has suggested antero-posterior laxity decreases as OA stage progresses. Also, since movement of closed kinetic chain involves co-contraction of antagonist and agonist muscles, impact of the shear forces is less than that of compression. Lastly, since the present study involved only healthy young subjects, this result would not necessarily be generalizable to older patients with knee OA. We plan to investigate the difference the bone-on-bone forces at the tibiofemoral joint during forward and backward stair descent for patients with knee OA.

Conclusion
This study estimated bone-on-bone forces at the tibiofemoral joint of the leading leg using step-by-step during forward and backward stair descent. While knee extension moments were significantly lower during BD than FD, the estimated bone-on-bone forces at the tibiofemoral joint showed no significant differences between the two stair descent methods. However, the quadriceps femoris tensions were significantly lower during BD than FD. These findings may be applied to clinical settings. toe contact to foot flat during both FD and BD. In contrast, HAMM ( Figure 4d) and HAML (Figure 4e) showed maximal tensions at each level of the gait cycle. While they showed maximal values during toe contact to foot flat in the FD (at 4% and 6% of the gait cycle, respectively), the maximal values in BD were observed during preswing (at 76% and 77% of the gait cycle, respectively).

Discussion
The present study is the first to estimate bone-on-bone forces at the tibiofemoral joint during forward and backward stair descent. In spite of the significant differences in knee extension moments between FD and BD performed in a step-by-step manner, there were no significant differences in peak bone-on-bone forces at the tibiofemoral articular surface (at 5-20% of gait cycle). In present results, FD showed higher tensions in RF and VA compared to BD (at 5-20% of gait cycle). In contrast, BD showed higher tension in GAS (action of knee flexion) compared to FD (at 5-20% of gait cycle). While calculation of joint moments are net effect of tension generated by antagonist and agonist muscles, calculation of bone-on-bone forces are the sum of tensions produced by antagonist and aganist muscles [7]. In order to provide safe and efficient guidance to patients with knee OA, we need to understand the mechanical joint loads while performing stair descent. In view of present results, the bone-on-bone forces might be an appropriate choice.
While the bone-on-bone force does not change during FD and BD, present study suggested that BD could decrease quadriceps femoris tension. In FD, the estimated RF and VAS tensions were higher than those during BD. A previous study [18] has reported significant