Evaluation of Energy Conservation with Utilization of Marble Waste in Geotechnical Engineering

The industrial wastes can cause the environmental problem in the world. If we look at the issue in terms of sustainability, the reuse of these wastes is necessary. Especially, for many years large amounts of stone wastes are generated in the quarry processing plants. The environment, humans and economy are impacted significant because of these wastes. Especially, consumption increases with the increase of population in the world and with consumption our natural resources is rapidly declining. However, rapid economic growth, urbanization, rising population and increasing welfare leads to increasing amount of production waste. That large amounts of waste materials are required particularly in the construction industry, road construction, the construction of waste storage areas, and concrete manufacture makes recycling. Today, with the rapid growth of the industry is in excess of industrial wastes increased the performance of work on the evaluation of waste. Utilizing industrial waste provides both prevention of environmental pollution caused by waste and contribution to the national economy by using industrial waste in the construction industry.


Introduction
The industrial wastes can cause the environmental problem in the world. If we look at the issue in terms of sustainability, the reuse of these wastes is necessary. Especially, for many years large amounts of stone wastes are generated in the quarry processing plants. The environment, humans and economy are impacted significant because of these wastes. Especially, consumption increases with the increase of population in the world and with consumption our natural resources is rapidly declining. However, rapid economic growth, urbanization, rising population and increasing welfare leads to increasing amount of production waste. That large amounts of waste materials are required particularly in the construction industry, road construction, the construction of waste storage areas, and concrete manufacture makes recycling. Today, with the rapid growth of the industry is in excess of industrial wastes increased the performance of work on the evaluation of waste. Utilizing industrial waste provides both prevention of environmental pollution caused by waste and contribution to the national economy by using industrial waste in the construction industry.
Such industrial wastes as marble waste (pieces and dust), molding sand, fly ash, glass dust and sewage sludge are wastes that are environmentally harmful but contribute to national economy if they are recycled. Marble, mankind has lived in the area for centuries, it is particularly used because it is robust. Today, increasingly marble with the request of the construction sector development and better living people began to more consumption. The development of the marble industry and the rapid increase of the company has required an assessment of the marble waste.
There are many countries of the marble and stone quarries and marble the company in the world. Especially, Italy, Turkey, Spain, India and China are the top five dominant countries in terms of marble production [1]. A major part of production is consumed locally by producing countries, and only a small percentage of total production is exported. This fact indicates that local supply of marble remains less costly, while the transportation cost increases the price of exported marble products. Therefore, Afghan firms can win the domestic market with least effort. In addition to, Korai [2] was given world top ten marble exporters (China, Italy, Germany, Turkey, India, Japan, United States of America, Spain, Brazil and France) and importers (United States of America, China, Germany, Republic of Korea, Japan, Italy, France, United Kingdom, Netherlands and Belgium). However, Afghan and Pakistani are more the domestic market [1]. it is seems that in the marble quarries of marble company emerged stone (marble) wastes in many countries. Constitute a significant portion of exports marble sector is growing rapidly in these countries. Sector grows, increases, the rate of waste left behind. Especially, in case uncontrolled spillage of waste, some environmental problems occur. Figure 1a is given image noise created by the marble waste, and Figure 1b is given waste from marble company, Bilecik, TURKEY. However, marble dust is left to nature in the form of aqueous sludge at the end of cutting process. Because of marble dust is uncontrollably left to nature, it damages to the environment that marble waste reduces water filtering capacity of the soil, prevents the development of vegetation, fills stream beds and contaminates water resources [3].
In bearing capacity weak soil, for the removal of existing soil, it is occured another area to transport, and instead of taking the high strength material handling, transportation, laying operations. The resulting new business processes, increase rental of construction equipment, fuel costs, labor costs, shipping charges, the unloading and storage costs. However, by adding additives to existing soil is provided the gain of said energy. By improving the application of lime, can provide up to 40% economy [4]. The contribution of the waste material, this will further increase the economic benefits. It is used marble dust and marble aggregate in geotechnical engineering. Marble dust is used very the department of building materials [5][6][7][8][9][10]. At the same time, department of transportation is used marble waste. Karaşahin and Terzi [11] investigated, the evaluation of waste marble dust covering layer. They said that local road in marble dust can be used as filler material in asphalt material. Seung and Fishman [12] studied a variety of aggregate wastes and fly ash were used in soil base. The experiments shown that waste aggregate and fly ash increased permeability and reduced plasticity was observed. Okagbue and Onyeobi [13]  plasticity and strength properties of red tropical soils were improved significantly with marble dust usage. Mishra et al. [14] indicated that marble waste might be mixed with soil used for road infrastructure and filling material. Zorluer and Usta [15] examined whether marble dust might be used for improving clay in swelling tests. They said that waste marble dust might be used for improving the soil. Sabat et al. [16] added varying degrees of fly ash and marble dust to a swelling soil. They determined that geotechnical properties of soils were improved significantly by increased amounts of fly ash-marble dust usage. Taspolat et al. [17] investigated the effects of marble dust used for layers of waste storage on freezing and thawing properties. They indicated that adding 10% and 15% marble dust to impermeable clay layers increased the soil strength against environmental conditions. Ural et al. [18] studied utilization of the waste marble in soil improvement of clayey soils and as a fine aggregate in concrete production. Physical, mechanical and physico chemical characteristics were determined on clayey soils with marble dust additive. The test results showed that some improvement occurred in behavior of clay soil. Also, the cutting waste of marble sludge will use as a filler material instead of fine aggregate in concrete production. Yıldız [19] evaluated marble dust and waste parts the availability of road-building. They said that in road construction, the use of marble dust and tracks may be appropriate and, in soil stabilization, with the use of dust waste, increased efficiency of at least 10 times. Gürer [20] and Lima [21] said that waste marble pieces can be evaluated as road base and sub-base material. Excess of that required in the construction industry raw materials is needed the use of raw materials and energy consumption by minimizing. Therefore, the use of recycled material in the road sub-aggregate material or as an additive material in clayey soils has contributed to the significant amount of the national economy. This contribution emerges in material transport (shipping) or laying out as the work machine rental, fuel costs, labor costs, transportation costs, as the reduction of discharge-storage costs.

Formation of Marble Waste
Marble wastes are generated as a waste during the process of cutting and polishing. To come to the desired properly marble blocks, marble is cut into smaller blocks. Relatively large quantities of marble waste are becoming fragmented during this cutting (Figure 2A and 2B). Marble and another stone industry produces large amounts of waste which causes environmental problems. Marble waste from the processing plant as part size can be as two different products. The first product is large-sized pieces of marble waste, the second product is dust waste maximum part size up to 2mm reach. Large-sized piece of marble wastes are disposed randomly nature show that the waste area or local government and very bad pollution demonstrate the image. Marble dust is settled by sedimentation and than, the marble dust is slurry obtained first and is left wet state at nature. In addition to forming dust in summer and threatening both agriculture and public health. Large size piece of waste that can be used as structural elements in the construction industry, the waste dust can be used directly in different industries. Part of waste concrete aggregate used as filling material, compacted road surface marble dust can be used in cement production, glass production, the film material in concrete and, as an additive material in soil improvement.

Evaluatıon of Energy savıngs usıng Waste of Marble
With population growth, is rapidly exhausted energy reserves of fossil fuels to meet a significant portion of its needs. The use of energy resources in an efficient manner is of great importance, due every day fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) the reduction in the reserve. A significant amount of energy used recoverable, with energy-saving measures to do. Energy savings can be achieved in such as industry, buildings and transport sector to be taken measures. Energy savings are realized, more wise use of energy resources and to allow reduction of energy costs by making studies. In addition, it is of utmost importance, in terms of the reduction of environmental problems. Overall we can say the main energy saving methods in industry; improvement of combustion efficiency, waste water heat recovery, waste heat recovery from the flue gas, air to air heat recovery, compressor capacity control, limestone inhibitors and fleet of fuel-saving [22,23]. Hanieh et al. [24]    Energy saving to be obtained as aggregate of marble pieces and the marble dust by used as additives is obtained with the disappearance of the cost of extracted the rubble from the quarry using explosives, of preparation compressor or hands extract out of the quarry, of the installation of the wheel loader, of breaking with the crusher-sieved the classification, of overloading the transport vehicle and of the transportation to the construction site. Also transportation to the same equation will be used in natural and waste materials are the most important factor in moving away. Yıldız [19] said that for piece of marble waste for road construction in the area of 68.21km away, even if a quarry next to the construction site, the same cost gives with the use of natural materials to 68.21km from the use of waste brought to the piece of marble. Briefly, the marble using waste materials as aggregates or additives savings the energy used by the machinery and equipment used in quarries. Thus, the evaluation of the marble waste from industrial waste become the economy is contributing by providing both a reduction the environmental pollution and energy saving. Because a large number of factories in Bilecik City, Turkey; as example it can be give this city. Marble pieces was seen to be proper materials as sub-base/ base materials according to Republic of Turkey Highways Technical Specification criteria. Consequently, it was made cost analysis and it was seen to suitable to be used the marble waste in order to reduce transport costs in the evaluation of the road construction in the region.

Conclusıons
Natural stone such as marble cutting business by producing and processing enterprises are used natural resources as production inputs. But natural resources, can not be put in place again when consumed. Accordingly, these businesses should use resources efficiently and making production environment are also protected. As for environmental protection made of environmentally friendly production, minimization of harmful waste and recycling should be provided. The purpose of all these studies, To reduce the negative effects of the surrounding reducing waste levels,to reduce the quest for new sources of raw materials and provide energy savings.
In particular, a large amount of raw materials required by road, rail and environmental pollutants in the construction of structures such as airport has industrial solid waste countries' potential to contribute to energy saving after making the necessary experiments using. The energy in a country's economic and social development in terms of direct influence, for use in any area of the material to be recycled it is also important in raising the living standards of humanity. In addition, the use of waste materials in construction industry will help to decrease environmental pollution and economic costs. Thus, utilization of marble waste different industries has a beneficial potential for sustainable construction technologies. The use of the replacement materials offer cost reduction, energy savings, arguably superior products, and fewer hazards in the environment.