Interaction of DNA with Globular Proteins of Different Structures in Thin Films on Substrates of Monocrystalline Silicon

Copyright: © 2015 Butusov LA, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The two-component films of mixtures of DNA (from calf thymus) with different proteins: rabbit immunoglobulin (IgG), methemoglobin (MHB) and human serum albumin (HSA) were studied on single-crystal silicon substrates by the method of fluorescence spectroscopy. Registration of fluorescence spectra was performed by λex=260 and 280 nm in the range 340-380 nm. To prepare films the spincoating method was used. Solutions deposited on the substrate contained the small concentrations of proteins 10-9 10-15 M at the same quantity of DNA.


Introduction
The interaction of DNA with proteins is the most important fundamental problem and one of the main factors determining the specificity of the interaction is a three-dimensional structure of both compounds. The vast majority of modern researches in this area are aimed at studying the mechanisms of specific recognition of various natural and synthetic regulatory model proteins of individual nucleotides and their sequences [1].
At the same time the directions of artificial, not found in nature, supramolecular systems, including nanoscale, on the basis of DNA are developed [2,3]. The last direction is important as from the point of view of clarifying the fundamental aspects of the interaction of biomacromolecules [4], and also for medical applications [5].
It should be noted that the design of systems of molecular-scale with programmable physico-chemical and structural properties is a key task of the modern applied science [6]. Quality advantages of the DNAsystems can be considered relatively easy projecting of predictability and geometry, while, unfortunately, only in relation to objects of small size, for example, DNA nanostructures.
It is possible the creation of materials as a result of self-organization (self-assembly) that do not lose their working properties at the scale changes, where the preparation conditions define the properties and potentials for practical applications, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14].
The possibility of structure-function complication of the currently available DNA-structures, the programmability of self-assembly processes, the sensitivity of the DNA structures for the processes of molecular recognition allows effective use of them in fundamental and applied researches as effective optical and structural probes and also as biochemical transport system [15][16][17].
This article considers the interaction of DNA and physiologically important proteins (hemoglobin, serum albumin and immunoglobulin) in thin films on substrates of monocrystalline silicon. The aim of this work was to study changes in fluorescence systems "DNA-protein" and to study the possibilities of applying DNA-protein interaction for its use with small quantities of protein.
Silicon in its various forms (crystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous) is frequently used not only in microelectronics, etc., but also, especially in recent years, for the study of physico-chemical processes involving biological macromolecules. Such properties of the silicon substrates as homogeneity and a weak influence on photoluminescence of organic systems allows effectively to use them for studies of luminescent characteristics of thin films of biological macromolecules, including for the creation of biosensors [18][19][20][21][22].

Materials and Methods
Used materials were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co.: DNA from calf thymus, rabbit IgG, human serum albumin (HSA), human hemoglobin (MHB). The DNA suspension was exposed by ultrasound in a Branson 1510 set for ultrasonic treatment (42 kHz) of 40 minutes in a 0.1 M NaCl solution. The DNA solution (0.17 mg/ml) was mixed with protein ones of various concentrations in 0.1 M NaCl at a ratio of 9:1, so that the concentration of proteins in solutions for application to substrates ranged from 10 -9 to 10 -15 M.
Thin films were obtained by the spincoating method on substrates of monocrystalline silicon (18 × 18 mm) using the set created in the laboratory on the basis of centrifuges "Elekon" CLMN-P10-02 (Russia) [23]; the rotation speed of substrate was 2000 rpm, the volume of deposited solution -20 μl.
The samples of the silicon with surface orientation (100), thickness of 380 ± 20 µm, the roughness of the working surface ≤ 0.06 were used.
The fluorescence of the samples was measured on a spectrofluorometer RF-5300pc (Shimadzu). Registration of fluorescence intensity was performed with an interval of 0.2 nm with slits of excitation and registration of 3 and 5 nm, respectively. The software Origin 6.0 for data processing was used. For the calculation of the maxima of the fluorescent bands used spectra, processed using the "Adjacent Averaging" method smoothing of the curves (number of pixels for averaging is 20). The integral intensity of the fluorescence was calculated as the area under the curve the fluorescence intensity versus the wavelength in the wavelength region of 340-380 nm.
The use of integrated intensity it is convenient to unify the results, including the use different devices with different optical characteristics.

Results
The fluorescence of mixtures of DNA with proteins films was investigated on substrates of monocrystalline silicon. Samples of single-crystal silicon absorb in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum [24,25], including in the area of the maxima of the absorption bands of DNA and proteins, however, possess its own luminescence in the infrared region with energies ≈ of 1.1 eV with a low quantum yield of the order of 10-4 % at room temperature [26].
Observed luminescence of samples of single crystal silicon without the addition of DNA or protein ( Figure 1, spectrum 1) is likely determined by the luminescence of the oxide film on the surface of a single crystal sample associated with radiation of single and aggregate color centers (F-centers) in the oxide matrix [27,28]; thus, when the excitation light wavelength of 260 nm (the absorption band of DNA), the maximum band fluorescence of the substrate was observed at 364 nm ( Figure 1 In the used samples of single-crystal silicon its own fluorescence with maxima at 688 and 722 nm was detected. There is a model explaining the origin of the photoluminescence by properties of the boundary of Si−SiOx saturated with defects [29,30]. On the samples of porous silicon it was shown that the position of the photoluminescence bands can significantly (1,75-2 eV) change with aging of the samples [31]. In this article we don't consider the influence of biomacromolecules on the fluorescence of substrates in the visible range.
DNA has its own fluorescence in solutions with a maximum at 358 nm [32][33][34]. Thus, the resulting increase in the fluorescence intensity when DNA applied ( Figure 1) due to apparently the presence of DNA, although we cannot exclude the possibility of increased ultraviolet fluorescence of the substrate oxide film under the action of DNA, as was shown for substrates of transition metals oxides in the SiO 2 matrix [35,36].
Excitation to the absorption band of the protein (λex=280 nm) does not change significantly the shape of the spectrum and the silicon substrate, and a single-component film of DNA on it, leading only to the decrease of the fluorescence intensity in both cases as compared with the intensity observed when excited by light with a wavelength of 260 nm (spectra not shown).
In Figure 2  When excited by light with a wavelength of 280 nm (absorption band of the protein, spectra not shown) integrated fluorescence intensity is higher than in λex=260 nm at 13-19 %, which is obviously due to a significantly lower quantum yield of fluorescence of nucleic acid bases in comparison with tryptophan [37]. The shape of the spectra and the dependence of intensity on concentration of HSA for λex=280 nm are similar to those in Figure 2. Enhancing of the integrated intensity of fluorescence at concentrations of HSA 10 -13 and 10 -15 M is 2.5 and 5.1 times. The research results of influence of the MHB and IgG are shown in Table 1.
In the spectra of two-component films with addition of IgG and MHB, the shoulders are more pronounced in the area of about 370-375 nm compared to films of DNA-HSA. In the case of adding IgG (10 -9 M) and MHB (10 -15 M) we observed the peak occurrence, and in the case of the MHB, its intensity was comparable to the intensity of the peaks in the region 356-360 nm (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the change in the relative integrated fluorescence intensity (S/S 0 ) when we excited by light with a wavelength of 280 nm for films of DNA-HSA, DNA-MHB, and DNA-IgG. When λex=260 nm the shape of the dependencies remains. The most interesting cases of HSA and IgG; the first is a monotonous dependence, the second is a significant increase of fluorescence (almost in 16 times), that makes them promising for development of sensitive biosensor systems.
The fluorescence intensity of single-component films of proteins differ from one of the mixture films, and the difference depends on the nature of protein and its concentration ( Table 2). The position of the  Table 3.
In Figure 5 the change in the relative integrated fluorescence intensity (S/S 0 ) are shown by light excitation with a wavelength of 280 nm for single-component films of HSA, MHB and IgG. Comparison of the data Figure 4 and Figure 5 shows that the interaction of DNA with MHB slightly changes the behavior of the system, as indicated by the similar shape of the dependency of the intensity on concentration, and similar values of the intensity for films of DNA-MHB and the MHB. However, the interaction of DNA with IgG and HSA leads to qualitative changes, significantly enhancing the fluorescence of the system at extremely low concentrations of protein.
Since in the present supramolecular systems a specific intermolecular binding (like, for example, by the reaction antigenantibody or complementary nucleotides binding) are absent, apparently, the tertiary structure of protein is a major factor of influence on the general structure of the films and, consequently, on their fluorescence.
The proteins, selected for study, vary in size, structure and physiological functions. Albumin is a transport protein of molecular weight 69 kDa has a size 8 × 6 × 3 nm [38], and it is the main transport protein of blood plasma. Immunoglobulin -one of the most important proteins of the humoral immune system with a molecular weight of 150 kDa, it has an elongated ellipsoid with an area of up to 75 nm 2 and a height of 15 nm [39], it works in blood plasma and in cell membranes.
Hemoglobin is located in erythrocytes and is an allosteric enzyme with a molecular mass of 67 kDa and dimensions 5 × 5 × 7.1 nm [40], has the four prosthetic groups of heme (a complex of Fe 2+ and protoporphyrin IX) in its structure. All the studied proteins have important physiological functions, and their qualitative and quantitative definition of registration in medical laboratory analysis, and study of their physico-chemical characteristics in multi-component biological model systems because this is an important problem.
In the literature there is a wide range of works devoted to the interaction of DNA with various biological macromolecules. In ref. [41] authors describe the interactions of different amino acids with DNA, and their specificity is noted.
The interaction of DNA with antibodies in autoimmune process     was observed in ref. [42]. The formed complexes consist of DNAprotein do not contain covalent bonds. Interaction DNA with protein is carried out by means of hydrogen bonds directly with DNA or through interaction with water, ionic bonds, such as formation of salt bridges, or interact directly with the DNA frame, and van der Waals interactions, including hydrophobic interactions. The study of interactions in such systems opens prospects for creation of new materials for biosensors, pharmacology [24].

Conclusions
The obtained results are important for the study of physico-chemical aspects of interaction of components in biomacromolecular complex systems in vitro, and possibly, for the development of biosensors for identification of these proteins and registration their quantity in model and physiological environ.