Novel Synthesis of Nay Zeolite from Rice Husk Silica: Modification with Zno and Zns for Antibacterial Application

Zeolite Y in the sodium form (NaY) was synthesized using amorphous silica ash derived from waste rice husks under hydrothermal conditions. Structural characterization of NaY before and after modification with ZnO and ZnS has been done using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N 2 adsorption-desorption at -196 °C, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effects of the Na 2 O/SiO 2 and Si/Al ratios, aging temperature and crystallization time on the optimized synthesis of NaY were thoroughly investigated. Thus the regulated Na + impurity concentration in the starting hydrogel was found to act as a template-assisted synthesis of zeolite NaY by the potential incorporation of Al atoms into the zeolite framework. Results of surface analyses indicate that the interactions of ZnO and ZnS with NaY zeolite are distinguishable and thus the higher interaction is observed for the latter. While Zn II has experienced electrostatic bonding interaction with the framework oxygen atoms, creation of mesopores in NaY due to local destruction of the zeolite lattice around the growing ZnS particles was evidenced. Wonderfully, ZnS/NaY exhibited a high performance in prohibiting the growth of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and negligible from P. Aeruginosa , and these important features make it a potential candidate as an antimicrobial agent for controlling implant-related infections.


Introduction
Zeolite Y (FAU-type) is one of the most important "big five" zeolites in terms of the most of industrial catalytic processes use [1]. Basically, the major applications of synthetic zeolite Y are in the fields of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) of vacuum gas, oil and in the adsorption of volatile organics from wet off-gas streams [2]. Zeolite Y is characterized by a high surface area, uniform pore size distribution, inner pore diameter of 12 Å and a relatively large pore opening of 7.4 Å [3]. Due to the uniformity and large pore dimensions, zeolite Y is chosen as a host for many transition metal complexes which form the active dopants upon deposition [4]. Zeolite Y based-encapsulated metal complexes could be considered as novel catalysts, owing to which possess the so-called bi-functional catalysts. They have the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, such as high activity and the ease of separation for re-use. Besides, the encapsulated complexes are considered to be thermally stable under the conditions of zeolite synthesis, i.e. high pH and elevated temperature. This suggests that they may be suitable for industrial applications.
Rice husk (RH) is a solid waste product from undesirable agricultural mass residue. It increases the economic and environmental burden. So far, the only realized utilization of rice husk is by low technology applications such as in concrete, power plant and cattle feed. Nevertheless, more than 100 million tons/year of RH are produced globally, of which only a little part is effectively used [5]. Thus, implementation in terms of the use of raw materials will help minimize RH wastage.
The ash from the unwashed RH contains about 96% (w/w) amorphous silica. RH can thus be used as an alternative cheap source of amorphous silica for the production of silicon based materials with industrial and technological interests [6,7]. In Egypt an enormous quantity of industrial grade waste of RH has been produced. Yet, industrial waste RH can be used as a potentially attractive source for the large scale production of zeolite to protect the environment and decrease the amount of RH waste products. There have been some reports on the utilization of silica from RH for the synthesis of various types of zeolite [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], and mesoporous silica such as MCM-41 [15]. Efforts have also been made to use RH as a source of silica for the synthesis of NaY zeolite with the autoclave process. This low-cost process may lead to production of zeolite NaY to be economically able to compete with established commercial zeolite [16]. Zeolites could selectively adsorb biopolymers like protein, DNA, and RNA, and therefore could be used as chromatographic carriers for these molecules [17][18][19][20]. For these reasons, zeolites would be able to selectively adsorb microbial cells and could be used as cell separation carriers in their native state without surface modifications. Zeolites could adsorb each of the bacterial cell species with high selectivity even from a mixed suspension and could therefore be used as effective carrier materials to provide an easy, rapid and accurate method for cell separation [21]. Zinc oxide supported on zeolite with novel physicochemical properties has recently synthesized [22]. There are some reports regarding the industrial uses of ZnO/ zeolite [23][24][25]. This system can also provide significant impact on the design of a controlled-release product for the pharmacological application in alleviating post-weaning diarrhea of piglets.
The aim of this research was to use the RH as an amorphous silica source in the synthesis of NaY zeolite under the optimized experimental conditions. The effects of gel aging and crystallization conditions for the synthesis of NaY under fully optimized condition were thoroughly investigated. Following the optimization of NaY synthesis, ZnO and conventional procedure. Typically, 4.0 g zeolite NaY was treated with 1000 m1 of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of zinc acetate hexahydrate (Zn(CH 3 COO) 2 .6H 2 O) at 50°C for 24 h with continuous stirring. The resulting suspension was filtered off, washed thoroughly with distilled water till the washing solution was essentially free of Zn II ions. The Zn II -exchanged Y zeolite was then dried at 100 °C and finally stored in desiccator until required for use (referred to as Zn II /Y).

Preparation of ZnO and ZnS loaded into NaY zeolite
A 100 ml solution of 0.1 M NaOH or Na 2 S was added dropwise to Zn II /Y (1.5 g) and the mixture was refluxed at 80 °C for 2 h. The Zn(OH) 2 or ZnS in Y zeolite thus formed was collected by filtration, washing with distilled water and followed by drying at 110 °C for 6 h. The products were finally calcined at 350 °C for 4 h; the samples were denoted as ZnO/NaY and ZnS/NaY.
Antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar well diffusion assay method as described by Holder and Boyce [26]. The tested organisms Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus pneumoniae were subcultured on nutrient agar medium (Oxoid laboratories, UK) for bacteria and Saboroud dextrose agar (Oxoid laboratories, UK) for fungi. AMPICILLIN and GENTAMYCIN were used as a positive control for bacterial strains, Amphotericin B was used as a positive control for fungi. The plates were done in triplicate. Bacterial cultures were incubated at 37°C for 24 h while fungal cultures were incubated at (28 °C) for 3-7 days. Antimicrobial activity was determined by measurement zone of inhibition in mm ± standard deviation beyond well diameter (6.0 mm) produced on a range of environmental and clinical pathogenic microorganisms using (10 mg/ ml) concentration of testing samples. The observed zone of inhibition is presented in Table 1.

Physico-chemical characterization
Phase identification composing the samples was analyzed with X-ray diffraction using a Philips diffractometer (type PW 3710). The patterns were run with Ni-filtered copper radiation (λ = 1.5404 Å) at 30 KV and 10 MA with a scanning speed of 2θ = 2. 5º/min. Crystallite size was calculated from XRD data by Scherrer equation (1) [27], in which K is a constant equal to 0.9, λ is the wavelength of the CuK α radiation, β is the half peak width of the diffraction peak in radiant, and θ is the Bragg scattering angle.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were obtained on a KRATOSAXIS 165 instrument equipped with dual aluminum-magnesium anodes using MgK α radiation as the X-ray source at a power of 150 W (accelerating voltage 12 KV, current 6 MA) in a vacuum of 8.0 × 10 -8 mpa. The measured samples were prepared by dropping a concentrated colloidal solution (derived from centrifugation and redispersion of the as-synthesized zeolite suspension) on freshly cleaved HOPG and drying at room temperature.
ZnS nanoparticles were introduced for comparative purposes. Due to their pronounced electrostatic interactions with NaY zeolite, they enable a homogenous dispersion of zinc oxide and zinc sulphide into/onto the zeolite by a simple co-precipitation process. The ZnOand ZnS-modified NaY zeolite were finally tested for antimicrobial properties.
Dry rice husk (RH), being used to produce amorphous silica, was sieved to eliminate residual rice and clay particles, washed thoroughly with distilled water, filtered and air-dried at room temperature. The neat, cleaned RH was dipped into an appropriate volume of hydrochloric acid (3%) and subjected to stirring for 1 h. This aims at removing metallic impurities. It was then filtered off, and washed again with distilled water until finally chloride ions are removed by checking of chloride ions using AgNO 3 solution. The acid treated RH was airdried at 100 °C and then calcined at 750 °C for 6 h to get white silica rich ash (RH). The yield of silica in RH was determined by XRF analysis and found to be 81.6 % (w/w).

Synthesis of zeolite NaY using RH as the silica source
Effect of Na 2 O/SiO 2 molar ratio: Silica extracted from RH was used as an amorphous silica source for the synthesis of NaY zeolite by the hydrothermal treatment. The molar composition of the reaction gel was: xNa 2 O: 1.76 Al 2 O 3 : ySiO 2 : 125H 2 O, where 0.69 ≤ x/y ratio ≤ 1.01. A calculated amount of NaOH was dissolved in 75 ml distillate water, and then added to a calculated amount of silica in 75 ml distilled water. The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature followed by heating to 80 °C until a clear solution of sodium silicate was obtained (solution A). Sodium aluminate (6.44 g), on the other hand, was dissolved in 75 ml distillate water containing another amount of calculating NaOH under stirring until a clear solution reached (solution B). Solution (A) was added to the solution (B) to form a homogeneous state of reaction mixture; the solution pH was adjusted at 11 prior to vigorous stirring for 1 h. The resulting gel was homogenized and transferred into a Teflon autoclave and allowed to react at 90 °C for 4 days. The autoclave was removed at the specific time from the furnace and quenched immediately with cold water. The solid product, thus formed was filtered and washed with distilled water until the pH of the filtrate dropped to 8. The product was dried at 100 °C for 6 h in an oven.

Effect of aging temperature and aging time:
The carefully controlled conditions of the NaY crystallization from the hydrous aluminosilicate amorphous gel was adopted, depending mainly on the aging temperature and aging time of the preset starting reaction gel composition: 2.76 Na 2 O: 1.76Al 2 O 3 : 2.5SiO 2 : 125H 2 O. Firstly, the crystallization temperature was varied between 80 and 100 °C, while the aging time was kept for 4 days. Secondly, the crystallization period was varied over a range of 2 to 4 days, while the temperature was kept at 90 °C. Control of pH at 11 was obtained by using sodium hydroxide, where the Na + cation lead to increases dispersion of tetrahedral Al throughout the gel.

Preparation of Zn II -exchanged NaY zeolite
The as-synthesized NaY zeolite (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 = 1.25, BET = 167 m 2 /g) was ion-exchanged with Zn II from aqueous solution by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded on a Perkin Elmer Spectrometer (RXI FT-IR) system, single beam with a resolution of 2 cm -1 . The samples were ground with KBr (1:100) as a tablet and mounted to the sample holder in the cavity of the spectrometer. The measurements were recorded at the room temperature in the region 4000-400 cm -1 . Size and particle morphology of the Zn/NaY crystals were determined using the scanning electron micrographs obtained on a JEOL scanning microscope model JSM-T 330A at an accelerating voltage of 30 KV.

XRD patterns of as-synthesized NaY zeolite
In Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of samples made with different Na 2 O/SiO 2 molar ratios (Na/Si = 0.69-1.01) in the gel composition. At a low Na 2 O/SiO 2 molar ratio of 0.69, amorphous sodium aluminosilicate hydrate than the zeolite phase appeared at 2θ of 21.644º and 28.076º (Figure 1a). When the Na 2 O/SiO 2 molar ratio increased from 0.69 to 0.86, reflection peaks observed at 2θ of 14.383º, 8.88º, 7.52º, 5.71º, 3.8º, 3.33º and 2.87º correspond to the pure zeolite NaY, in agreement with the JCPDS file No. 71-0962. Therefore, this adopted Na 2 O/SiO 2 molar ratio in the synthesis gel composition is beneficial for the formation of a single phase of zeolite NaY since the realization of foreign phases is suppressed. Therefore, Na + plays a crucial role not only as charge balancing agent for negatively charged AlO 4 in the crystalline framework, but rather may act as a template assisted species in the incorporation of Al atoms into the zeolite framework. Our results are in agreement with those reported in [28] that reveal Na + affects the dissolution and polymerization-depolymerization reactions of silicates and aluminosilicates [28]. Further increase in this ratio from 0.86 to 1.01 results in a change of zeolite phase from NaY to zeolite-X and zeolite P 2 as shown in (Figure 1c). The dependence of NaY formation on the hydrothermal temperature in the range between 80 and 100 ºC is thoroughly investigated using fixed molar ratios in the initial gel composition, i.e. SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 = 1.25 and Na 2 O/SiO 2 = 0.86 ( Figure 2). The NaY zeolite is formed in almost amorphous characteristics at 80 °C, while a sole crystalline phase of NaY zeolite can be seen with notably high degree of crystallinity at 90 °C. As the temperature increased to 100 °C, the crystallinity of the NaY zeolite particles diminishes compared with that hydrothermally treated at 90 °C. Concurrently a new phase of zeolite A is observed mainly as a consequence of increasing of solubility of aluminate and silicate species, causing a shift in the concentration of the liquid phase [29].
The effect of aging time on the crystallization of NaY zeolite with the same gel composition and then brought to the hydrothermal temperature of 90 °C is shown in Figure 3. It was found that a mixture of zeolites Y and A appeared in a shorter crystallization time as two days, whereas a maximal crystallinity of pure NaY is reached in four days, From the literature, it is known that the Si/Al ratio for zeolite Y is higher than zeolite A [30,31]. The crystallization time lower as two days is probably insufficient to dissolve amorphous silica and thus some low-solubility sodium aluminosilicate compounds (e.g. Na 2 SiO 3 , Na[Al (SiO 3 ) 2 ]) are formed during heat treatment.

X-ray diffraction of ZnO/ and ZnS/NaY zeolite
The Figure 4 shows the XRD patterns of the successfully synthesized NaY zeolite and after loading ZnO and ZnS. All the samples gave the typical peaks of the NaY zeolite structure, which also showed they had good crystallinity. Therefore, the intrinsic structure of the NaY zeolite remained basically intact at this stage of Zn loading. No crystalline feature characteristic of a separated ZnO or ZnS phase in the patterns of ZnO/ and ZnS/NaY was detected, implying a homogeneous distribution of zinc II as small ZnO or ZnS oligomers either in the pores or nearby zeolite surface. This species will tend to become uniform throughout the internal zeolite surface, except perhaps inside cavities in which the steric hindrance effects may be important. This was clarified as an increase in the lattice constant a from 24.915 Å for NaY to 24.939 and 24.979 Å for ZnS/ and ZnO/NaY, respectively ( Table 2).
It has been shown previously that the incorporated cations are randomly distributed within the Y lattice if I 331 > I 220 > I 311 , but if I 331 > I 311 > I 220 , the cations assume positions at sites I -, II [32,33]. It may be seen from Figure 4, that Zn II displaced primarily sodium ions from their random positions within the lattice upon incorporation of ZnO into NaY is assumed. Conversely, analysis of the ZnS/NaY XRD pattern indicates that a significant cation redistribution occurred following the ZnS incorporation has taken place. This is an indication that the slightly larger sizes of the ZnS molecules displaced sodium ions from their random positions to locations at the sites I -, II. A site I -, is located apparently in the sodalite cavity while site II at the center of a single sixring (S6R) or displaced from this point into a super cage.

Surface properties
The N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of NaY, ZnO/NaY and ZnS/NaY samples are shown in Figure 5. They all exhibit type II The test was done using the diffusion agar technique, well diameter 6.0 mm (100 µl was tested), RCMB: Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology Antimicrobial; Unit test organisms: NA=No activity, data are expressed in the form of mean ± SD. Note: a is the lattice parameter. The crystallinity percentages (%) were obtained by XRD from the sum of the maximum line intensities. isotherm characteristics of macroporous type of pores. However, this macroporosity is not only reflected from the hysteresis loops, but rather indicate mesoporosity character. Accordingly, this macroporosity evidenced from the non-saturation at p/p o = 0.95 could be acquired from the left distances occurred between particles during interaction. Hysteresis formed in pore networks is perfect with H 3 hysteresis that does not exhibit any limiting adsorption at high P/P 0 . This behaviour can for instance be caused by the existence aggregated particles in the pores. The hysteresis cycle of ZnS/NaY indicates a developed mesoporosity compared with that of ZnO/NaY. In this sense, evidence for the growth of sulfide particles within the zeolite lattice to sizes exceeding the dimension of the supercage can be obtained. This led to the creation of mesopores in ZnS/NaY due to local destruction of the zeolite lattice around the growing particles.
The pore size distribution curves displayed a unimodal type of pores covering the range from 10 to 30 Å in NaY with a maximum distribution at 15 Å where that of ZnO/NaY indicates a maximum of 13 Å displayed in the range from 10 to 40 Å. On the other hand, ZnS/NaY indicates bimodal distribution at 10 and 45 Å highlighting the increase of the microporosity of this sample comparatively.
The BET surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of synthesized samples are given in Table 3. The surface area of zeolite samples follows the order: NaY > ZnS/NaY > ZnO/NaY, however the pore volume was in the order: ZnS/NaY > NaY > ZnO/NaY. The reduction in the surface area of ZnO/NaY (48%) and ZnS/NaY (14%) compared to parent NaY is indicative of the well incorporation ZnO and ZnS inside the pores of NaY substrate and indeed proportional to the amount of either ZnO or ZnS blocking the zeolite NaY pores. In addition, it seems that ZnO/NaY stimulates the existence of microporosity as evidenced from notifying that the desorption part closed at P/P o = 0.17 with that of the adsorption one (see also Table 3). However, this is contradicted the decrease in S BET of this sample compared to that of ZnS/NaY; based on the thought that the increase in surface area is a function of microporosity but indeed gives a hint about the strong interaction between them. Increasing the computed value of the pore radius (r -) of ZnS/NaY when compared with the rest of investigating samples indicates the enforced location of ZnS species inside zeolite pores causing an enlargement. This could give a hint about accommodating zinc sulfide particles in micropores and thus caused the expansion in unit cell (as depicted from XRD) and pore size. This is collaborated to the marked decrease in crystallinity of ZnS/NaY compared to ZnO/NaY, due to internal perturbations influence the final state of NaY zeolite.

FT-IR spectra of ZnO/NaY zeolite
The infrared spectra of the as-synthesized NaY zeolite, ZnO/ and ZnS/NaY in the 1400-400 cm -1 range are shown in Figure 6. The infrared spectrum for the as-synthesized NaY zeolite shows significant peaks from 1400 to 400 cm -1 , compared to the relevant spectrum assigned by Flanigen and Khatami [34,35]. The absorption bands at 1034 (ν as ), 707 (ν s ) and 452 cm -1 are three lattice modes associated with internal vibrations of the (Si, Al)O 4 tetrahedral unit which designated as TO 4 in the framework of Y zeolite and are structure-insensitive. The structure-sensitive vibrations due to external linkages between tetrahedra are found at 1158 (ν as ) and 584 cm -1 due to double 6-rings (D6Rs).
The vibrational spectra of ZnO/ and ZnS/NaY had distinguished spectral effects relative to that of as-synthesized NaY, in which the bands of TO 4 units become progressively larger and are down shifted from 1034 to 994 and 1006 cm -1 , respectively. This is in good agreement with the literature [36], suggesting the preferential substitution of some Si IV in the framework by Al III leaving a net negative charge which is balanced by the extra framework Zn II . It has been shown [37,38] that bonding of divalent cations to the framework oxygen atoms causes local deformation of the zeolite framework, which may be detected in T-O-T vibration changes. ZnO/NaY caused local deformation of the vibrational band at 707 cm −1 ; it was splitted into 750 and 696 cm −1 where the former represents the Zn-O vibration [39]. This effect is not apparent in case of ZnS/NaY. It has been reported that zinc cations are best stabilized when the divalent charge is directly balanced by two framework Si-O --Al groups, that is, coordinated to 6-membered rings of oxygen atoms, as well as in a second site consisting of [Zn-O-Zn] 2+ balanced by aluminum atoms which are further apart [40]. On the contrary, a new hump at 621 cm -1 assigned to Zn-S stretching vibration [41] could be seen in the spectrum of ZnS/NaY.  Note: (S BET ) BET-surface area; (S t ) surface area derived from V 1-t plots; (S ext ) external surface area; (S μ ) surface area of micropores; (S wid ) surface area of wide pores; (V p total ) total pore volum (V P μ ) pore volume of micropores; (r -) mean pore radius Table 3: Surface characteristics of NaY, ZnO/NaY and ZnO/NaY investigated by thermal treatment at 200 °C under reduced pressure of 10 -5 Torr and nitrogen adsorption at -196 °C. band is assigned to surface isolated silanol (SiOH) groups [41]; that at 3677 cm -1 is associated with hydroxyl groups attached to extra-framework T atom-containing species [42]. The doublet at 3620 and 3550 cm -1 in the spectrum of NaY (Figure 6a), assigned to bridging hydroxyl (SiOHAl) groups, became narrower and shifted to lower frequencies in the spectra of ZnO/NaY and ZnS/ NaY, i.e. 3614 and 3550 cm -1 for the former and 3610 and 3531 cm -1 for the latter. These effects might suggest that aluminum atoms are preferentially moved from octahedral to tetrahedral positions by the modification with zinc species, and the formation of phase composite materials by NaY lattice interacting with zinc ions as well. The band at 3531 cm -1 in ZnS/NaY (Figure 6c) is significantly diminished and thus may be related to framework bridging hydroxyl groups in sodalite cages, suggesting that the zinc sulfide are mainly located at SiOHAl.

X-ray photoelectron spectra of ZnO and ZnS/NaY
The state(s) of zinc ion in direct contact with the NaY lattice has been provided through Zn 2p core-level XPS spectra of ZnO/NaY and ZnS/NaY (Figure 7). The ZnS/NaY spectrum exhibits the high intensity Zn 2p1/2 and Zn 2p3/2 peaks at 1049.21 and 1026.45 eV, respectively. This indicates that the BE peaks of Zn in NaY have been found in the +2 valence state [43][44][45][46]. Nevertheless, these peaks are shifted to lower BEs in ZnO/NaY, i.e. 1047.94 and 1024.84 eV, suggesting the presence of ZnO like structures in isolated sites. However, Zn 2p states in ZnO are observed at lower BEs compared to those of the corresponding peaks of ZnS [47].
Analysis of the S 2p peak of ZnS/NaY reveals the existence of several sulfur species as shown in Figure 8. Deconvolution results shown in the same Figure indicate two dissymmetric doublet states; the first doublet at 168.43 and 167.78 eV may suggest a thin layer of -Zn-O-S-cluster and the second one at 159.69 and 158.85 eV leading to the sulfur states in zinc sulfide [48]. Any noticeable oxidized sulfur species (e.g. -SO 2 ) not detected. The atomic percentages of Zn and S were also calculated from XPS peak areas of the relevant elements. The S/Zn ratio was found to be 1.0074, indicating the stoichiometric ratio of ZnS.

Particle morphology of ZnO and ZnS/NaY
The effects on the crystal morphology as well as on the aggregation of the crystals have been investigated with SEM and the micrographs of different samples are shown in Figure 9a-c. The particles of assynthesized NaY form larger aggregates, which are composed of many smaller individual zeolite particles. Because of the agglomeration of the particles, it is difficult to determine the primary particle size only based on the SEM image. On the other hand, the brighter and foamy aggregated particles observed in the SEM images of ZnO and ZnS/NaY illustrate the presence of newly formed phase on the zeolite surface. It is likely that the ZnS/NaY sample shows inhomogeneous particles which gave rise to intercrystalline voids. These macropores are mainly contributed to the sulfide clusters created within the lattice structure of NaY zeolite, in compatible with the surface characteristics data. These intercrystalline voids are not apparent in the micrograph of ZnO/NaY sample.

Biological activity
The antimicrobial activities of the various samples were investigated for selected microorganisms (Table 1 and Figure 10 Table 1 and Figure 10. The Table 1 reports the following information: (i) The Gram-positive bacteria on as-synthesized NaY, ZnO/NaY and ZnS/NaY exhibite moderate activity on Streptococcus pneumonia and Bacillus subtilis when compared with the activity of AMPICILLIN; however, their activities increased gradually as follows: NaY < ZnO/NaY < ZnS/NaY. (ii) The ZnS/NaY sample showed considerably superior antibacterial activity when compared with ZnO/NaY, especially against Escherichia coli when compared with GENTAMYCIN.
Regarding the mechanism of antibacterial activity of the zeolitic materials, gram negative bacteria showed more inhibition zone than the gram positive bacteria due to the cell wall nature of the bacteria. The gram positive bacteria formation of the cell wall is collected of deep layers of membrane, consisting of linear polysaccharide chains, and the gram negative bacteria possess the slender layer of membrane. Vanaja et al. [49] reported that gram positive bacteria have thick and chemically complex peptidoglycan in the cell wall, and therefore the zeolitic materials did not easily taken up into the cell. Contrary to this, gram negative bacteria have thin and simple multilayered lipid components in the cell wall, so that the zeolitic particles did easily enter into bacterial cells, and thus showed an inhibition zone higher than the gram positive bacteria. Rajeshkumar et al. [50] reported that microbes transmit a positive charge in which it results in an electromagnet attraction between the microorganisms and the bacterial outer cell membrane. The present study demonstrates that ZnS/NaY possesses bactericidal activity against the entire test organism.
In vitro antifungal studies, all synthesized composites were tested against Aspergillus fumigates RCMB 02568, Candida albicans RCMB 05036) and the antifungal and activity are presented in Table 1. In general, all the synthesized composites displayed exerted inactivation in vitro antifungal activity against the tested organism.

Conclusion
Amorphous silica extracted from waste RHs was found to be reactive towards the formation of NaY zeolite. This means that more cations were added in the form of NaOH, resulting in the concentration of OHbeing controlled simultaneously by the concentration of cations. The pure NaY phase has been produced with the Na 2 O/SiO 2 molar ratio of 0.86 in the synthesis gel followed by isothermal crystallization at 90 °C for 4 days under autogenous pressure. The incorporation of ZnO into the structure of NaY suggested that the zeolite retained ZnO as  a randomly dispersed amorphous moiety within the pores. On the contrary, ZnS showed inhomogeneous aggregates most likely located in the supercage of NaY zeolite which gave rise to a new mesostructure. The ZnS/NaY sample exhibited good bactericidal activity against selected bacterial species of gram negative and gram positive. Since this is easily available in the nation and also is used in hospital for biomedical agent, the active ZnS/NaY can be prepared and used effectively for preventing the growth of the oral pathogens.