Preservation of Ready to Serve Blended Carrot and Kinnow (Mandarin) Drink by Ginger Extract

This study explore the effect of lemon and ginger extract on carrot and kinnow blended ready to serve (RTS) drinks during three months refrigeration temperature storage. The treatments were CKG0,CKG1,CKG2,CKG3,CKG4,CKG5 and CKG6 having 0.5 liter carrot juice, 0.5 liter kinnow juice, 1 g/kg CMC, 1 kg sugar, 5 liter water with variations in lemon and ginger extract in different levels. All the RTS samples were evaluated for total solids, moisture, ash, pH, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, non-reducing sugar, titratble acidy, total soluble solids, total microbial count and sensory attribute (taste, colour, flavor and overall acceptability). Statistical analysis revealed that treatment as well as storage had significant (p<0.05) effect on physicochemical and sensory properties. Results showed that pH and sugar acid ration of the treated samples was decrease during storage. While TSS, acidity, reducing and non-reducing sugar and vitamin C increased were observed during storage. Generally this is observed from the results that CKG6 sample was more acceptable than RTS of the samples on the basis of physiochemically. On the other hand, in terms of taste and flavor CKG6 sample was highly acceptable, sample CKG3 had good color and over all acceptability. However, RTS drinks prepared from with carrot and kinnow blends (CKG6) is recommended for commercial use and for production on large scale. Preservation of Ready to Serve Blended Carrot and Kinnow (Mandarin) Drink by Ginger Extract


Introduction
Carrot (Daucus carota) is winter vegetable, production wise carrot ranked in third position. In Pakistan, carrot is produced 192000 metric tons annually in an area of 11000 hectars. Carrots are one of the rich sources of moisture, protein, carbohydrate, crude fiber and minerals.
Kinnow Mandarin (Citrus reticulate) is a citrus fruits having sweet taste, bright colour and appearance grown. Mandarin is an important fruit and contain vitamins mostly vitamin C, vitamin A, minerals such as iron, phosphorus and calcium and citric acid [1]. Citrus fruit juice contains highly ascorbic acid 60 to 70 mg which is good for body health. It is also contains antioxidants (vitamin C) and flavonoids which has healthier effect than dietary benefits.
Ginger has been widely used as spice and flavoring agents in foods and beverages. Ginger has been used as a spice for over 2000 years. The composition of raw ginger is water, Protein, carbohydrate, fiber and Ash. Ginger is used to obtain different extracts. It is a good source of polyphenol compounds and composed as other roots. Ginger used as an antioxidants and their extracts is used as anti tumor effects which caused due to Epstein-Barr virus or applied against cancer. This is quite challenging to prepare RTS beverage without the addition of chemical preservatives. The aim of study is to develop an acceptable quality RTS by blending carrot, kinnow, lemon juices and with addition of ginger extract to determine the most suitable concentration of lemon juice and ginger extract for the commercial preparation of RTS beverage with longer shelf life. This study also aimed to formulate carrot and kinnow blend RTS beverage to take advantage of both fruits which are nutritionally diverse and have synergetic effect when consume simultaneously. Citrus fruits are considered to be the rich source of ascorbic acid, pectin, carotenes, citric acid, and minerals like calcium and phosphorous. Carrots contain high levels of carbohydrates and ß-carotene. Keeping in view the nutritional and medicinal importance of ginger, the treatments has been formulated with a unique formulation.

Objectives
• To produce value added ready to serve beverage from various blends of carrot, kinnow and lemon.
• To develop suitable combination of carrot, kinnow and lemon RTS juice.
• To study the effect of ginger extract as an alternate of chemical preservative in prepared RTS juice.
• To study physicochemical and organoleptic properties of blended carrot and kinnow RTS juice.

Methods and Materials
This study was carried out in Agriculture research institute (ARI), Tarnab and Department of Food Science and Technology laboratories. Carrot, kinnow, lemon and ginger were purchased from the local market at Tarnab, Peshawar and brought to the laboratory of ARI Tarnab, Peshawar for preparation of ready to serve drinks. extractor. Then juice was passed through muslin cloth to separate juice from pulp. The lemon were cut into two equal halves and the juice was extracted manually and filtered through muslin cloth to remove debris and unwanted materials. Ginger were peeled and cut into small pieces then crushed and juice was extracted with the help of blender and filtered from muslin cloth to separate juice from pulp. Ready to serve drinks were prepared in three replications from carrot, kinnow and lemon juice. All the juices were mixed in water along with other ingredients namely; sugar, CMC (used as a viscosity modifier or thickener, dissolves rapidly in cold or hot water and stabilize emulsions in various products these properties and functions make it suitable for use in a broad range of applications in the food) and ginger extract ( Table 1).

Physicochemical analysis
pH, Total Soluble Solids, Total Titratble Acidity, Sugar acid ratio, Ascorbic acid Reducing and Non reducing sugars were determined by the standard method of AOAC [2].

Sensory evaluation
The sensory evaluation for taste, flavor, color and overall acceptability should be conducted by using nine hedonic [3].

Microbial study
The sample will be analyzed for the total fungal by total plate count (TPC) method as described by Kumar et al. [4].

Statistical analysis
Statistically the data was analyzed by using CRD with two factors (treatment and storage) and mean were separated by LSD test at 0.05% significant level [5]. Table 2 shows the impact of storage and treatments on pH of value added ready to serve drinks prepared from blend of carrot, kinniow and ginger. Statistically both storage and treatments had significant (p <0.05) effect on pH of ready to serve drinks. This was observed from the data that pH of the treated sample were in range of 3.5 (CKG 6 ) to 3.91 (CKG 4 ) on zero day of storage, which decrease upto3.37 (CKG 6 ) 3.76 (CKG 4 ) after 90 days of storage. Highest mean pH (3.83) was observed for treatment CKG 4 , while the lowest mean pH (3.56) was observed for control sample. In term of storage maximum mean pH (3.69) was noticed at zero day of storage while minimum mean pH (3.54) was recorded after 90 days of storage prepared RTS. However higher pH decrease was found in sample CGG 0 (4.44%) while lower pH was observed in CKG 6 (3.71%). The degradation of reducing sugar and formation of acidic compounds from it causes a decline in pH (Zia).

Result and Discussion pH
Similarly, decreased was observed in pH of ginger and kinnow squash during storage. The pH has got importance to maintain shelf stability and it can also influence the flavor of ready to serve beverage [6].

Total soluble solids (TSS)
The impact of storage and treatments on Total soluble solids TSS of value added ready to serve drinks prepared from blend of carrot, kinnow and ginger stored at refrigeration temperature presented in Table 3. Statistically both storage and treatments had significant (p<0.05) effect on TSS of ready to serve drinks. This is observed from the data that TSS of the treated sample were in range of 15.3 (CKG 5 ) to 15.6 (CKG 2 and CKG 4 ) on zero day of storage, which increase up to 16.3 (CKG 6 ) to 17 (CKG 2 ) after 90 days of storage. Highest mean TSS (3.83) was observed for treatment CKG 4 , while the lowest mean TSS (3.56) was observed for control sample. In term of storage maximum mean TSS (16.72) was noticed at 90 day of storage , while minimum mean TSS (15.47) was recorded at day first of storage prepared RTS. However higher TSS increase was found in sample CGG 0 (8.82%) while lower TSS was observed in CKG 6 (5.52%). Polysaccharides conversion into sugars during hydrolysis processes might be the reason for increase in TSS. Similarly, Sarolia and Mukherjee, Mehta and Bajaj, Bhardwaj and Mukherjee [7] reported that TSS increased during processing and storage of mandarin juice. This might be due to ginger juice inhibit microbial growth and subsequently reducing metabolic rate. Table 4 shows the impact of storage and treatments on acidity of value added ready to serve drinks made from blend of carrot, kinnow and ginger. Statistically both storage and treatments had significant (p<0.05) effect on acidity of ready to serve drinks. Similarly to TSS, acidity of prepared treated RTS drinks was increased during three months of storage from 0.45-0.5% CKG 4 and CKG 3 to 0.59% CKG 5   and CKG 6, respectively. Highest mean acidity (0.57) was observed for treatment CKG 3 and CKG 5 , while the lowest mean acidity (0.52) was observed at sample CKG 4 . In term of storage maximum mean acidity (0.62) was noticed at 90 day of storage, while minimum mean acidity (0.47) was recorded at day first of storage prepared RTS. However, higher increase in acidity was found in sample CGG 0 (25.40%) while lower acidity was observed in CKG 6 (23.03%). The results are similar to the previous study which showed increase in acidity during storage which might be effected by the presence of microorganisms and sugar degradation [7]. Conclusively, acidity is an important characteristic which effect on the flavor and overall acceptability of juice.

Sugar acid ratio
The effect of storage and treatments on sugar acid ratio of value added ready to serve drinks prepared from blend of carrot, kinniow and ginger stored at refrigeration temperature was presented at Table  5. Statistically both storage and treatments had significant (p<0.05) effect on acidity of ready to serve drinks. This was observed from the data that sugar acid ratio of the treated sample were in range of 30.8 (CKG 5 ) to 34.66 (CKG 3 ) on zero day of storage, which decrease up to 25.07 (CKG 5 ) 25.82 (CKG 2 ) during 90 days of storage. In sugar acid ratio highest mean (31.43) was observed for treatment CKG 3 , while the lowest mean sugar acid ratio (27.61) was observed for control sample. In term of storage maximum mean sugar acid ratio (32.62) was noticed at zero day of storage, while minimum mean sugar acid ratio (26.84) was recorded after 90 days of storage prepared RTS. However higher sugar acid ratio decrease was found in sample CGG 0 (18.71%) while lower sugar acid ratio was observed in CKG 6 (14.49%). The same result were found by Asad and Durrani [8] who concluded decreasing of sugar acid ratio during the storage of apple pulp. Table 6 shows the effect of storage and treatments on reducing sugar of value added ready to serve drinks prepared from blend of carrot, kinnow and ginger. Statistically both storage and treatments had significant (p<0.05) effect on reducing sugar of ready to serve drinks. This was observed from the data that reducing sugar of the treated sample were in range of 12.62 (CKG 2 ) to 15.58 (CKG 2 ) on zero day of storage, which decrease up to 12.9 (CKG 0 ) to 15.73 (CKG 1 ) after 90 days of storage. Highest mean reducing sugar (15.65) was observed for treatment CKG 1 , while the lowest mean reducing sugar (12.68) was observed at CKG 1 . In term of storage maximum mean reducing sugar (14.10) was recorded after 90 days of storage, while minimum mean reducing sugar (13.96) was noticed at zero day storage prepared RTS. However, higher reducing sugar was found in sample CGG 0 (1.40%) while lower sugar acid ratio was observed in CKG 6 (0.87%). The results are parallel to result of Babsky et al. [9], Pruthi et al., [10]; Tripathi et al., [11] Attri et al., [12] which studied raise in reducing sugar of juice in storage duration, which might be influenced by the conversion of non-reducing sugar (sucrose).

Non reducing sugar
The impact of storage and treatments on non-reducing sugar of value added ready to serve drinks prepared from blend of carrot, kinnow and ginger stored at refrigeration temperature was presented in Table 7. Statistically both storage and treatments had significant (p<0.05) effect on non-reducing sugar of ready to serve drinks. This was observed from the data that non reducing sugar of the treated sample were in range of 4.87 (CKG 5 ) to 7.79 (CKG 4 ) on zero day of storage, which decrease up to 4.75 (CKG 5 ) to 7.64 (CKG 4 ) after 90 days of storage. Highest mean non reducing sugar (7.71) was observed for treatment CKG 4 , while the lowest mean non reducing sugar (4.80) was observed at CKG 0 . In term of storage maximum mean non reducing sugar (6.12) noticed at zero day of storage, while minimum (5.98) mean non reducing sugar recorded after 90 days of storage prepared     RTS. However higher non reducing sugar was found in sample CGG 0 (3.07%) while lower non reducing sugar was observed in CKG 6 (1.72%). Pruthi et al., [10] suggested that the decrease in non-reducing sugar might be due to conversion of non-reducing sugar into reducing sugar during their study on Kinnow and Malta juice. Similar decline in nonreducing sugar were also observed in sugar contents, of pasteurized yellow passion fruit juice during storage during his study. Table 8 shows the effect of storage and treatments on vitamin C of value added ready to serve drinks prepared from blend of carrot, kinnow and ginger. Statistically both storage and treatments had significant (p<0.05) effect on vitamin C of ready to serve drinks. Differences in ascorbic acid contents were noticed in various treatments. This was observed from the data that vitamin-C of the treated sample were in range of 25.23 (CKG 0 ) to 28.34 (CKG 5 ) on zero day of storage, which decreased to 25.09 (CKG 0 ) to 27.19 (CKG 5 ) after 90 days of storage. Highest mean vitamin C (28.26) was observed for treatment CKG 5 , while the lowest mean non vitamin C (25.15) was observed at CKG 0 . In term of storage maximum mean vitamin-C (26.84) noticed at zero day of storage, while minimum (26.70) mean vitamin-C recorded after 90 days of storage prepared RTS. However higher vitamin-C was found in sample CGG 0 (0.55%) while lower vitamin C was observed in CKG 6 (0.45%). Decline trend in ascorbic acid contents was reported during changes in Aonla pulp under different storage conditions [13]. Ascorbic acid content in orange squashes reduced dueto exposure to light. The degradation of vitamin C in RTS may pursue anaerobic and aerobic pathways [14]. Table 9 shows the effect of storage and treatments on taste of value added ready to serve drinks prepared from blend of carrot, kinnow and ginger. Statistically both storage and treatments had significant (p<0.05) effect on taste of ready to serve drinks. Taste is very important factor in organoleptic evaluation after color and texture. This was observed from the data that taste of the treated sample were in range of 8 (CKG 5 ) to 8.6 (CKG 3 ) on zero day of storage, which decrease up to 6.5 (CKG 5 ) to 7.9 (CKG 3 ) after 90 days of storage. Highest mean taste (8.25) was observed for treatment CKG 3 , while the lowest mean taste (7.30) was observed at CKG 5 . In term of storage maximum mean taste (8.34) noticed at zero day of storage, while minimum (7.05) mean taste recorded after 90 days of storage prepared RTS. However higher taste was found in sample CGG 0 (19.28%) while lower taste was observed in CKG 3 (8.14%). Loss in the taste of kinnow anola juice was reported due to changes in volatile compounds throughout storage [15]. The difference in taste might be due to in stored products. Similarly, loss in taste of juice was observed by Jain and Khurdiya, Jain et al., [16] during their study on physiochemical and sensory properties of orange drink.

Color
The effect of storage and treatments on color of value added ready to serve drinks prepared from blend of carrot, kinnow and ginger stored at refrigeration temperature was presented in Table  10. Statistically both storage and treatments had significant (p<0.05) effect on color of ready to serve drinks. This was observed from the data that color of the treated sample were in the range of 8.1 (CKG 2 ) to 8.6 (CKG 6 ) on zero day of storage, which decreases up to (6) at CKG 0 to (6.8) at CKG 5 after 90 days of storage. Highest mean color (8.25) was observed for treatment CKG 6 , while the lowest mean color (7.40) was observed at CKG 0 . In term of storage maximum mean color (8.35) was recorded after at first day of storage, while minimum mean color (7.17) was noticed at 90 days storage prepared RTS. However higher decrease in color was found in sample CGG 0 (27.71%) while lower decrease in color was observed in CKG 6 (8.14%). Millard reaction was accelerated throughout storage which resulted in loss of color of carrot and kinnow RTS. Loss of color in beverage during storage of 2-Methyl-3-furanthiol and methanol are possible off-flavors in stored orange juice were [17]. Ascorbic acid retention in orange squashes as related to exposure to light and container types well as action of acids present in RTS beverage. Table 11 shows the effect of storage and treatments on flavor of value added ready to serve drinks prepared from blend of carrot, kinnow and ginger. Statistically both storage and treatments had significant (p<0.05) effect on flavor of ready to serve drinks. This was observed from the data that flavor of the treated sample were in range of 8.1 (CKG 4 ) to 8.5 (CKG 3 ) on zero day of storage, which decrease up to 6.7 (CKG 0 ) to 7.7 (CKG 3     flavor (8.12) was observed for treatment CKG 3 , while the lowest mean flavor (6.7) was observed at CKG 5 . In term of storage maximum mean flavor (8.31) noticed at zero day of storage, while minimum (7.14) mean taste recorded after 90 days of storage prepared RTS. However higher flavor was found in sample CGG 0 (18.29%) while lower flavor was observed in CKG 3 (9.41%). Off flavour was reported due to changes in volatile compounds of kinnow anola beverages. The difference in flavor might be due to storage conditions and storage time. Similar observation during research on physiochemical and sensory properties of orange drink were also noticed by Jain et al., [16]. A decrease in flavor during storage study on 2-Methyl-3-furanthiol and methional in stored orange juice of beverage was also reported by Bezman [17].

Overall acceptability
The impact of storage and treatments on overall acceptability of value added ready to serve drinks prepared from blend of carrot, kinnow and ginger stored at refrigeration temperature was presented in Table 12. Statistically both storage and treatments had significant (p<0.05) effect on overall acceptability of ready to serve drinks. This was observed from the data that Overall acceptability of the treated sample were in the range of 8.1 (CKG 0 and CKG 4 ) to 8.5 (CKG 6 ) on zero day of storage, which decreases up to (6) at CKG 0 to (7.6) at CKG 6 after 90 days of storage. Highest mean over all acceptability (8.10) was observed for treatment CKG 6 , while the lowest mean overall acceptability (7.30) was observed at CKG 0 . In term of storage maximum mean overall acceptability (8.27) noticed at zero day of storage, while minimum (7.07) mean overall acceptability recorded after 90 days of storage prepared RTS. However higher overall acceptability was found in sample CGG 0 (25.93%) while lower overall acceptability was observed in CKG 6 (10.59%). These results are in agreement with result showed by Rosario [18], who observed decline in overall acceptability is due to increase in storage interval which leads to progressive degradation.
Loss of overall acceptability in orange juice might be due to processing conditions like, temperature and storage time.

Conclusion and Recommendation
Carrot and kinnow RTS was prepared in this research, Study concluded that the ginger can be effectively used in different proportions as natural antioxidant and alternative source of chemical preservatives for inhibition of microbial growth in carrot and kinnow RTS. Ready to serve beverage was packed in glass bottles, stored at -refrigeration temperature and for three months. The products were studied for physic-chemical and sensory evaluations at the interval of 30 days. On the basis of result obtained it is concluded that treatments CKG 6 and CKG 3 were best treatments having best keeping quality during storage and can be used in commercialization of carrot and kinnow RTS. Some changes were noticed in physiochemical characteristics but these changes did not influence the product considerably. The sensory parameters decrease slightly but remains in acceptable range during storage period.

Recommendations
• Further research work should be done on various proportions of ginger.
• The present research work was conducted at refrigeration temperature, so this research work should also be carried out in other storage conditions.
• Same proportions of ginger can also be used in other RTS beverages.
Other natural anti oxidant can also be used in carrot and kinnow RTS. 9.52 8.00ab Means 8.31a 7.94b 7.58c 7.14d Figures having different small letters shows significant difference (p<0.05) Figures having different small letters shows significant difference (p<0.05) Table 12: Effect of ginger extract on the overall acceptability of carrot and kinnow ready to serve beverage.