Statistical Analysis of Ambient Air Quality in Aurangabad City, Maharashtra, India

A statistical analysis of ambient air in Aurangabad City (M.S.) during the year 2005-2010 and its concentration of SO2, NOX, RSPM and SPM are monitored at selected three residential site during rainy, winter and summer season. Results shows that SO2, NOX, RSPM are well below the permissible limit and SPM is above the permissible limits. The sampling sites are a heavy traffic intersection cum residential area located within the Aurangabad City. It is observed that pollutant values always exceed the NAAQS value throughout the sampling. The annual mean values for all sampling sites and the statistical calculations made on data shows SO2, NOX year wise and sidewise significant and RSPM and SPM year wise non-significant and sidewise significant. This study is that the data collected year wise for all parameters on different sites and concentration is also discussed. One of the major sources of air pollution in Aurangabad (M.S.) is the area pollutions from dense residential, heavy vehicles, industries etc. *Corresponding author: Deepkumar B Rathi, Department of Chemistry, Vasantrao Naik Mahavidyalaya, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, Tel: +919422201218; E-mail: deepakrathi2411@gmail.com Received May 02, 2016; Accepted June 22, 2016; Published June 28, 2016 Citation: Rathi DB, Rathod SD (2016) Statistical Analysis of Ambient Air Quality in Aurangabad City, Maharashtra, India. Mod Chem appl 4: 184. doi:10.4172/23296798.1000184 Copyright: © 2016 Rathi DB, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.


Introduction
Aurangabad (Aurang City) is named after the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. The city is a tourism hub, surrounded by many historical monuments, including the Ajanta and Ellora Caves. Aurangabad is titled "The City of Gates" and was declared "Tourism Capital of Maharashtra". By population it is 5 th largest city in Maharashtra after Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur and Nasik.
The concept of Air Quality Index was introduced by the Environmental protection agency (EPA) in USA to measure the pollution levels due to major air pollutants [1,2]. Air pollution may have adverse impacts on human health [3][4][5] as well as the health of other living entities, man-made heritage and life support system. Both National and state authorities have taken up necessary regulatory steps and reduce ambient air pollution [6]. Unplanned urbanization and industrialization are causing deterioration of the environment [7][8][9] and particulate matter were observed during winters and low concentrations during monsoon months [10] similar observation were reported in Bikaner [11]. The data compiled by MPCB for the year 2013-2014 at 72 AAQM stations shows air quality were found to moderate and below [12]. All observed values of PM10 were higher than National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Similarly PM10 values for Jhansi city [13] and Kakinada city were found to exceed prescribed limits as stipulated by CPCB [14]. Moderately polluted category for the city of Vapi, India and PM10 was observed to be a critical pollutant [15]. Quality of life in Aurangabad city and it is necessary to analyzed the air quality and investigate the impact of ambient air pollutant. The sampling sites are dense traffic area and commercialized shopping Centre located in the Centre of Aurangabad city. Ambient air monitoring at the three different sites in Aurangabad city for three seasons was conducted in order to calculate the concentration on SO 2 , NO X , and RSPM and SPM in the ambient air. The experimental study was conducted in Aurangabad (M.S.) and statistically analyzed the parameters SO 2 , NO X , RSPM and SPM. SO 2 and NO X were in the permissible limit but RSPM and SPM were increased.

Study area
Aurangabad is historical city located in the state of Maharashtra, India. The materials and methods used in this study are described in details including the chemicals, glassware's, instruments High Volume Sampler (HVS) and procedures used for sampling site selection, sampling of ambient air, statistical analysis of pollutants i.e., SO 2 , NO X , RSPM and SPM concentration as per the standards recommended by Ref. [16] shown in table was followed for fine particular sampling, High volume sampler [17][18][19] was used to monitor the ambient air quality and preweighed whatman Teflon filter papers were used to collect samples. Standard methods used for

Statistical method used
Statistical analysis is an indispensable tool of research. Most of the advancements in knowledge has taken place because of experiments conducted with the help of statistical methods [20].

Analysis of variance (Anova)
It is used to study the significance of the difference of mean values of a large number of samples at the same time. It can also provide meaningful comparison of sample data. In ANOVA, a total of 'N' observations are divided into 'n' sizes for performing calculations [21]. Also, the comparison of observed concentration of pollutants is compared with the CPCB standard AAQM values.  (Table 1 and Figures 1-4) were statistically analysed for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and presented in four tables, each for the four parameters under investigation (Tables 2-5). The average values have been given in Table 6. The variation in both of the parameters (SO 2 and NO X ) during 5 years was statistically significant. The values of RSPM and SPM ranged between 71.13-87.56 and 198.54-227.45 respectively, however, the year wise variation among them was statistically non-significant.

Experimental Results and Discussion
Significant variation in all the four parameters at three different locations was observed. The values of almost all parameters were found to be higher at site No. 03 (S.B. College) while minimum at Collector Office, Aurangabad. This may probably be due to the heavy traffic and human activities at S.B. College as compared to that near Collector Office, which is located in the outskirts of main city market of Aurangabad ( Table 7). The overall findings thus suggested that the magnitude of these pollutants varied with location depending on human activities at a given place.
Studies on relationship (co-relation) among the four parameters are given in Table 8. Significant positive co-relation between SPM and other parameters was observed, indicating that the presence of SPM on other three Air Quality parameters, as SPM showed significant positive co-relation with SO 2 , NO X and RSPM.

Conclusion
The preliminary statistical analysis of SPM data collected from the sampling site is given in     Table 4: ANOVA -RSPM.     analysis of variance (ANOVA) test has been performed for the data collected for SPM. 'F' test values calculated for the data collected show very low when compared with the tabulated value. The high values of SPM concentration are common in the ambient air of Aurangabad city.