The Physical Aspect of Action of Biologically Active Substances in Ultra-Low Doses and Low-Intensity Physical Factors on Biological Objects: Spin Supercurrents

1. The non-monotonic, polymodal dose-effect dependence. In most cases the activity maxima are observed within definite ranges of doses, which are separated by so-called “dead zones”. In some cases, the same effects are produced by low-doses differing in 5 to 8 orders of magnitude. There are also cases where a change in the “sign” of the effect is observed in the dose dependence. Figures 1-4 give some examples of this feature.


Introduction
1. The non-monotonic, polymodal dose-effect dependence. In most cases the activity maxima are observed within definite ranges of doses, which are separated by so-called "dead zones". In some cases, the same effects are produced by low-doses differing in 5 to 8 orders of magnitude. There are also cases where a change in the "sign" of the effect is observed in the dose dependence. Figures 1-4 give some examples of this feature. Figure 1 shows the type of variation of the content of protein р53 with mice of F1 line as a function of dose D of the injected BAS, namely, antioxidant phenosan [6,7]. The value D=10 -14 mole/kg corresponds to an ultra-low dose.
is noteworthy that there is a range of values of d (at about 75 mSv) where the magnitude of К is less than that for the background value of d (about 2 mSv). It may be said that ultra-low doses of ionizing radiation in this range has a therapeutic effect. The paper concerns the mechanism of action on biological objects (BO) of the following substances/physical factors in ultra-low doses (ULD): biologically active substances (BAS), concentrations of 10 -13 М or lower [1]; ionizing radiation, the one-time equivalent dose of radiation is less than 0.1 Sv [2]; non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, the energy flux density is less than 1 μW/cm 2 [1]. The levels of biological organization at which the action of ULDs are revealed are quite various: from macromolecules, cells, organs, tissues to plants and animals. The studies [1,[3][4][5] have shown that the effects of BAS in ULD and the effects of low-intensity ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on biological objects have a number of similar features. Some of them are discussed below:  Figure 2 shows the type of dependence of human mortality (caused by leukemia) on the equivalent dose d. As the death rate К the ratio of the number of deaths per 100000 person-years to the number of deaths caused by the equivalent dose of about 23 mSv is used. The curve is based on the data collected under Burlakova's guidance [2,8]. It rats were exposed to low-frequency alternating magnetic field. Figure  3 shows the difference Y between the normalized blood clotting time for test group rats (exposed to the magnetic field) and that for control group rats (not exposed to the magnetic field) against the magnetic field strength H. The frequency f of the magnetic field is 5 Hz. Helmholtz coils were used to produce the magnetic field. Figure 4 shows the difference A between the normalized erythrocyte count in the blood of test group rats and that of control group rats (not exposed to the magnetic field) against the magnetic field strength H. The frequency f of the magnetic field is 10 Hz [9].
2. The kinetic paradox. As concerns the effects of BAS in ULD on BO such as a cell or an organism, the kinetic paradox means that the effect is the strongest when the BO already contains the same substance but in a dose that is some orders of magnitude greater than the ULD used. In the case of effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation on BO this means, according to the model discussed below, that there are frequency ranges, or even single frequencies, where the effect is revealed. A change in the "sign" of the effect can take place. An example of this is shown in Figure 5. In the experiment the test group rats were exposed to low-frequency alternating magnetic field. The Figure shows the difference Y between the normalized blood clotting time for test group rats and that for control group rats (not exposed to the magnetic 3. The change in sensitivity of BO with respect to a subsequent exposure to ULD. Among the examples that support this feature are the following.
-The equivalent dose of ionizing radiation received during a short period of time causes less radiation injury than the same equivalent dose received during much longer period of time [10].
-If in the course of a long-continued low-dose irradiation an additional short irradiation occurs, this produces a more pronounced effect than that resulting from a single exposure to the total dose of those irradiations [2].
-The efficacy of remedies in ultra-low (homeopathic) doses is the greatest when they are administered repeatedly.
4. The dependence of the "sign" of the effect (inhibition or stimulation) on the initial state of the BO being treated. This is observed in almost every type of effect of ULD on BO.
The studies of joint action of a few medicines, one of which being administered in ULD, proved to be very promising. For example, the toxin ricin in ULD of 10 -15 -10 -18 M enhances the synthesis of cytokines by lymphoid cells, which results in death of tumor cells [12].
The results of numerous studies of the effects of radiation and other physical and chemical factors can be found in the UNSCEAR reports [5,13].
The study of the effects of the above factors on BO has shown that it is extremely difficult to explain the effects on the basis of modern physics. The concepts and principles of statistical physics do not apply to the effects of ultra-low doses on biological objects. To the author's knowledge, in what concerns the effects of BAS and physical factors (in particular, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation) on BO, the changeover from large doses to ultra-low doses means, theoretically, a changeover from the statistical approach to the description of the effects to the deterministic approach.
According to quantum field theory, quantum entities create pairs of virtual particles, or particle-antiparticle pairs, in the physical vacuum. For the virtual particles the classical relation between mass, energy and momentum does not hold; however, they have spin which is the same as for the real particles. Hence it follows that 1) spin has no definite direction, and by the magnitude of spin the magnitude of its projection onto a preferential direction is meant; this can be interpreted as a precession of the spin about the preferential direction and allows one to introduce the frequency of the precession, the angles of precession and nutation; 2) spin correlations can take place. Thus all bodies as consisting of quantum entities may produce in the physical vacuum the spin structures consisting of virtual particles, the structures being characterized by Figure 3: The difference Y between the blood clotting time for test group rats and that for control group rats (not exposed to the magnetic field), divided by the blood clotting time for control group, against the magnetic field strength H. The frequency f of the magnetic field is 5 Hz. The difference A between the erythrocyte count in the blood of test group rats and that in the blood of control group rats (not exposed to the magnetic field), divided by the erythrocyte count in the blood of control group, against the magnetic field strength H. The frequency f of the magnetic field is 10 Hz. Y f (Hz) Figure 5: The difference Y between the blood clotting time for test group rats and that for control group rats (not exposed to the magnetic field), divided by the blood clotting time for control group, against the magnetic field frequency f. The magnetic field strength is 51γ.
field) as a function of magnetic field frequency f. The magnetic field strength is equal to 51γ [9].
Extensive research is conducted of synergetic effects of ultralow doses of medicines and other agents. It has been shown also that exposure of a biological object to BAS in ULD or low-intensity physical factors increases the sensitivity of the BO to subsequent exposure of the latter to other (or the same) agents in high doses. For example, radiation therapy of malignant tumors (those of intestines, lung, or breast) appears to be more efficient if the tumor is first irradiated with the dose of 10cGy or lower and then with a therapeutic dose of 1,9Gy than in the case where there is no preliminary irradiation with low doses [11]. All types of ULD considered in this paper consist of quantum entities. In the case of BAS these are atoms and molecules of the substances which are introduced into the BO; in the case of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation these are photons of radiation; and in the case of ionizing radiation these are "secondary" quantum entities produced in the BO during exposure to the ionizing radiation. "Secondary" quantum entities may be ions, neutrons, free electrons, and other particles. Besides, if the ionizing radiation is a gammaradiation (ϒ-rays), the Compton effect can take place: the scattering of high energy photons by free electrons, producing recoil electrons and scattered photons. From now on, for brevity sake the quantum entities relating to all types of ULD, which are discussed in this paper, will be referred to as "quantum entities that constitute the ULD".
It will be shown in this paper that all of the above features 1-4 of the effects of ULD on BO can be described by the spin correlations between the spin structures produced in the physical vacuum by "quantum entities that constitute ULD" and the spin structures produced in the physical vacuum by quantum entities that constitute the BO provided the properties of the spin correlations are like the properties of spin supercurrents in superfluid 3 He-B.
Note. The above mentioned spin correlations can account for the influence of cavity structures on biological objects. There is much evidence of cavity structure influencing BO [14][15][16]. In Europe, Oskar Korschelt was likely the first who was granted a patent for the use of specially fabricated cavity structures for medical purposes [17]. He made alternating cavities out of metal ( Figure 6a) and used them to treat stomach problems, nerve diseases, insomnia and pains. In Russia the medical aspect of cavity structures was studied by Grebennikov [16,18], and there is a museum in Novosibirsk where a device containing bee combs (Figure 6b) intended for treating patients is exhibited. The studies have shown that bee combs can influence respiratory organs, organs of hearing, give rise to feeling of loss of weight of arms, legs or body as a whole. The cavity structure in its effects on BO can be seen as a low-intensity physical factor.

Methods and Results
The properties of spin supercurrents in superfluid 3 3 In a homogeneously precessing domain, energy U is related to the frequency ω of precession as:

U=Sω.
(1) The precession and nutation angles are order parameters for superfluid 3 Не-В, and there are processes that tend to make equal the respective order parameters throughout the whole volume of the superfluid. Such processes in superfluid 3 Не-В are spin supercurrents. In the case where the precession frequencies are directed along axis z, the spin supercurrent component in the direction of axis z, J z , is determined as: We assume that the value of the total spin S is taken to be constant for the interacting homogeneously precessing domains and 0 p q J − = at t=0. According to (2) and (3), the spin supercurrent is directed from the HPD having a greater precession frequency to the HPD having a smaller precession frequency.   In superfluid 3 Не-В there may exist spin structures where coherent precession of spins of 3 Не atoms takes place. Such a structure is called a homogeneously precessing domain (HPD) [19][20][21][22]. An HPD is characterized by spin S, precession angle (phase) α, nutation angle β, and precession frequency ω (Figure 7). Generally, the determination of time dependency of the magnitude of the spin supercurrent between two HPD is a difficult problem, because the speed of transmission of information of the existence of order parameter gradient is, in theory, infinite, and the speed of the spin supercurrent is finite. Besides, a possibility of phase slippage should be taken into account. The respective precession and nutation angles of the interacting HPDs will become equal, provided the distance X between them and the difference between their precession frequencies, ω ∆ , satisfy the following conditions: These two conditions are analogous to the second feature of the effects of ULD on BO, see Introduction, i.e. the kinetic paradox. Condition (6) is always valid for those BAS which are contained in the BO but in doses some orders of magnitude higher than the ULD used. The high concentration of such a substance in the BO is necessary for the spin structure produced by the BO in the physical vacuum to have the characteristics determined by the properties of the substance.
The similarity in the structures of expressions determining the photon energy and the HPD energy (1) allows us to suppose that the frequency of a photon is equal to the frequency of precession of spins in the spin structure produced by the photon in the physical vacuum. In this case the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation will exert action on BO if the frequency of photon is of the same order of magnitude as the precession frequency of the spin structure produced by BO, that is, the condition (6) is valid for these frequencies.
Since spin supercurrents tend to make the respective characteristics of interacting spin structures equal, then, providing such equalization is possible, the value Let us correlate this conclusion with the third feature of the effects of ULD on BO, see Introduction, that is, the change in sensitivity of the BO with respect to a subsequent exposure to ULD. The action of ULD on a BO affects the characteristics of the spin structure produced by the BO in the physical vacuum. Consequently, in accordance with (7), after the first exposure to ULD the condition (6) may be valid for a subsequent exposure of the BO to ULD, although before the first exposure to ULD the condition (6) was not valid. And vice versa: condition (6) may appear not to be valid for subsequent exposure of the BO to ULD, although before the first exposure to ULD the condition (6)  ). If the precession frequencies of all HPDs are aligned with the same axis, then according to (2) and (4) the total spin supercurrent J sum is defined as In terms of the model of effects of biologically active substances and low-intensity physical factors (ionizing radiation and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation) discussed in the present paper the condition (10) means that spin supercurrents cease to be the predominating factor that governs the effects and the effects will be determined by other physical factors.

Discussion
Since, according to the model in question, the action of biologically active substances in ultra-low doses and that of low-intensity physical factors, such as low-intensity ionizing radiation and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, on biological objects are determined by the same physical processes, they can produce the same effects on biological objects. There is much evidence on the relatively greater efficacy of combined action of these factors on biological objects. For example, small amounts of pesticides can increase the effect of low-dose ionizing radiation [1,2]. The same occurs for the effect of radiation in the presence of small amounts of mercury [2,24].
The interaction of quantum entities through spin supercurrents arise in a 'finer' physical medium (the physical vacuum) than the molecular one. Therefore, spin supercurrents cannot be shielded by molecular substances. This property of spin supercurrents agrees with the evidence given in the book by P. Bellavite and A. Signorine "The Emerging Science of Homeopathy" [25]: "There is some preliminary evidence demonstrating a homeopathic effect not only of solutions but also of closed ampoules containing solutions and placed in contact with the system to be regulated (human or animal)". This property of spin supercurrents may account for a paradoxical situation: a low-intensity electromagnetic radiation would exert action on a biological object through electromagnetic screens. The fact that сavity structures exert their influence on BOs independent of the presence of any screens between them, such as brick walls, metal shields, etc., can also be accounted for by the same property [16].

2.
To low-intensity physical factors affecting biological objects belong as well the cavity structures, and these effects are caused by spin supercurrents which "fill" the cavity (and, therefore, by the energy associated with the supercurrents), the spin supercurrents being similar in their properties to spin supercurrents in the superfluid 3 He-B. 4. The existence of an analogy between the effects of biologically active substances in ultra-low doses or low-intensity physical factors (ionizing radiation and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation) on biological objects and the features of the interaction between spin structures in superfluid 3 Не-В performed through spin supercurrents agrees with the views of some researchers that the physical vacuum has the properties of a superfluid of the 3 Не-В type [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34].