Clinical & Experimental Cardiology
Open Access

Abstract

Integrative Approach of Venous Return And Cardiac Output in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy

Carolina Baraldi Araujo Restini, Marina de Toledo Durand, Bruna Francielle Martins Pereira, Arthur Feierabend Engracia Garcia, Henrique Melo Natalin and Guilherme Melo Natalin

The progression of venous return impairment is related to the evolution of muscle atrophy. Venous return is influenced by factors such as blood volume, pressure gradient between the veins and atrium, and venous resistance determined mainly by vascular diameter, which might all work in a compensatory manner in the event of loss of skeletal muscle mass to prevent the progression of vascular problems. It is expected to occur a continued progression in the loss of venous return, and in the loss of muscle mass. The latter represents the main factor of influence on this hemodynamic mechanism and on cardiac output. There are significant data on venous return, exercise and muscle atrophy, but few are associative data between these subjects. In this sense the literature gap hinders the development of and/or therapeutic application to subjects with muscle atrophy. The proposed manuscript addresses the relationship between loss of muscle mass and impairment in venous return and, consequently, in cardiac output. In this context, the present review also brings some perspectives on the viable biomarkers used to indicate the integrative function of the venous return and cardiac output.