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Hindi Research Article
Air Pollution Exposure and Osteoporosis among Retired Workers with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Kang-Yun Lee1,2, Wen-Te Liu1,3, Han-Pin Kuo4, Chun-Hua Wang4, Hsiao-Chi Chuang1,3, Tzu-Tao Chen1,5, Shu-Chuan Ho3,4*, Min-Fang Hsu6 and Kai-Jen Chuang7,8*1Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
2Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
3School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
4Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
5Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
6Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
7Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
8School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Corresponding Author:
- Kai-Jen Chuang
Department of Public Health, School of Medicine
College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No.250
Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
Tel: (886) 2-2736-1661 ext.6536
Fax: (886) 2-2738-4831
E-mail: kjc@tmu.edu.tw
Shu-Chuan Ho
School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine
Taipei Medical University, No.250
Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
Tel: (886) 2-2736-1661
Fax: (886) 2-2739-1143
E-mail: shu-chuan@tmu.edu.tw
Received date: May 13, 2014; Accepted date: June 17, 2014; Published date: June 23, 2014
Citation: Lee KY, Liu WT, Kuo HP, Wang CH, Chuang HC, et al. (2014) Air Pollution Exposure and Osteoporosis among Retired Workers with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Occup Med Health Aff 2:167. doi: 10.4172/2329-6879.1000167
Copyright: © 2014 Lee KY, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Background: While effects of occupational and environmental air pollution exposure on inflammation-related cardiopulmonary impairment are well documented, the association linking long-term air pollution exposure and osteoporosis risk is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of long-term air pollution exposure on the risk of osteoporosis in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: We collected 70 retired workers’ data from the pulmonary outpatient unit of a medical center in Taiwan and air pollution data from the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. Associations of 1-year averaged criteria air pollutants [particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters <10 μm (PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO)] with the risk of osteoporosis were explored by generalized additive models. Effect modification by inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) usage was also assessed in the model. Results: After controlling for age, sex, body mass index, current smoking, drinking, ICS usage, six-minute walk distance, global initiative for chronic obstructive and smooth functions of interview date and yearly temperature, we observed that increased 1-year averaged NO2 was significantly associated with 45% higher odds of osteoporosis (odds ratio=1.451 [95% confidence interval=1.124 to 1.778]). Retired workers with ICS usage showed 44% higher odds of osteoporosis associated with increased NO2. Conclusions: The risk of developing osteoporosis among retired workers with COPD was positively associated with long-term exposure to 1-year averaged NO2. ICS usage can modify the effect of NO2 on osteoporosis risk.
