Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes associated with an increased risk of mortality, and cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Cystatin C, a 13 kD non-glycosylated basic protein, may be elevated in diabetic patients even before the appearance of microalbuminuria, and can be used as useful marker for detecting nephropathy in patients with normoalbuminuria (early nephropathy). We reviewed the recent literatures to determine if serum or urine cystatin C measurements could be useful as a marker to detect early DN in type 2 diabetic patients. Our search identified a total of 23 studies that have been published to date. Cystatin C measurement was carried out using immunoturbidimetric assays, Dade Behring Cystatin C assay, particle enhanced nephlometric immnuno assays, ELISA kits, or latex agglutination tests. Serum or urinary levels of cystatin C were elevated in type 2 diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic controls, including in patients who had no signs indicating nephropathy (without microalbuminuria). A significant positive correlation was found between cystatin C levels and albuminuria, suggesting its ability as a marker reflecting the degree of renal impairment in type 2 DN. Despite the promise of cystatin C as a biomarker, further large, multicenter prospective studies are still needed to confirm its clinical utility as a screening tool for early type 2 DN in every day practice.

In fatal neurodegenerative diseases, prion diseases have high risk of transmission ability and no cure and effective treatment. This abnormal folded protein disease in brain pose a serious threat to public health and the development of early diagnostic markers and new therapeutic approaches is in pronounced plea. Prion disease show infectious and incurable irrepressible nature and long period of silent incubations and nature of prion diseases, development of early diagnostic markers is in great demand to prevent a potential spread of the disease and for early diagnosis of the disease given the long incubation periods of disease. Moreover discovery of novel biomarkers can lead to development of new therapeutic targets and better understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of the Prion diseases.

Stem cells have impressively great eager in the current time such that it is proved in providing creative new treatments for a vast range of current morbid diseases. The interpretation of stem cells includes segmentation, feature extraction, pattern recognition. This technique leads to analyze the growth rate of stem cells. Segmentation method is proposed to improvice the distance regularized level set evolution with endowing balloon forces. Evolution process in the region which is associated with weaker or without edges that makes the balloon force to control the direction of the evolution which start to slow down the process with this technique laplace operator is included to focus the low contrast images.This method yields segmented images of perfect accuracy because the BDE(Boundary Displacement Error) is decreased and also improved the MDRLS (Modified distance regularized level set) with four well potential achieve better segmentation.

Researchers use a combination of techniques to study and contrast the impact of antimicrobials, such as bacteriocins, on sensitive and resistant variants. Flow cytometry is one such technique, which allows researchers to evaluate the activity of antimicrobials at a single-cell level in real-time. The generation of an increasing number of probes/dyes that can be used in flow cytometry studies has vastly expanded the potential applications of this technique. Furthermore, flow cytometry has the potential to replace, or at the very least be used as an adjunct to traditional growth-based techniques, including viable plate counts, growth curves, microscopic analysis and cell culture, many of which have limitations when used on their own. Here we review studies conducted using flow cytometry as a technique to assess the impact of antimicrobials from the bacteriocin family on individual cells, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Background: Despite complete resection, GIST sometimes recurs and/or metastasizes. Accurate prognosis is needed and various risk stratification methods have been discussed. We have reported Pfetin as a risk factor for recurrence of GIST. In this study, we report a case of Pfetin-negative GIST of the stomach which was classified as low risk according to Fletcher-classification, but metastasized to the liver five years after surgery and was completely removed.

Case presentation: A 60-year-old-man with abdominal pain and hematemesis was diagnosed with GIST of the stomach. Though the risk of recurrence was low according to Fletcher-classification, Pfetin expression was negative. We performed long term frequent medical follow-up, and five years after partial resection of the stomach, the GIST metastasized to the liver and we resected it completely.

Conclusions: We experienced a case of GIST of the stomach which was assessed as low risk, but was Pfetinnegative. Pfetin-negative status alone indicated poor prognosis for this GIST. Pfetin-negative status may be an independent biomarker indicating poor prognosis for GIST. In Pfetin-negative cases, it is desirable that long term frequent medical checkup be performed even if other factors suggest that the GIST is low risk. Early detection of recurrence can lead to effective treatment.

Background: Recent findings indicate epigenetic modifications as key factors in breast carcinogenesis. The abnormal methylation patterns of genes are among the consequences of epigenetic changes. The DNA methylation is involved in the regulation of gene activity and abnormal DNA methylation is associated with various diseases, including cancer. Due to the importance of epigenetics in cancer, particularly breast cancer, it seems to perform the most effective methods of prediction, detection and tracking of recurrence, and the availability of suitable biomarkers. In this study, the MAP9 (Microtubule-Associated Protein 9) gene methylation was examined as an epigenetic biomarker of cancer.

Methods: We evaluated 30 breast cancer samples and 30 normal samples to identify diagnosis biomarkers for breast cancer. Sample of breast cancers were identified, with different Clinical and pathological data, which might be related with changes in MAP9 gene methylation. DNA was extracted from whole blood of breast cancer patients and healthy samples. The methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes were used to identify methylated site in epigenetic marker. Methylation-sensitive enzyme cannot cut hypermethylated sequences. Methylation-sensitive enzyme is not capable of cutting sequences of MAP9 gene, thus replication occurs.

Results: MAP9 gene is significantly hypermethylated in breast cancer (P<0.05). Moreover the results of this study indicated that there was no relation between stage of disease, age of patients, Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) status and the methylation of MAP9 gene in breast cancer samples (P>0.05).

Conclusion: In this study indicated MAP9 gene methylation changes in breast cancer and it can be used as molecular biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis.

The use of archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) material to analyse gene expression is limited by the low quality of extracted RNA. In this paper, we utilised an RNA based assay to quantify expression of luminal and basal markers, together with ERBB2 probes, in FFPE archival tissue from 2009 to 2010, all of which had clinical and therapeutic information of more than 5 years. Receptor status of the patients was characterised using the QuantiGene® Plex assay with 100% concordance to immunohistochemical (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) results. A panel of molecular markers known to classify luminal and basal tumours were used and correlated with receptor status of the tumours. As expected, the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) samples were classified as basal and oestrogen receptor (ER) positive cases as luminal. In summary, the QuantiGene® Plex technology provides a platform to quantitate novel panels of biomarkers on archival material. Moreover, multiplex analysis allows the use of minimal amounts of material providing an opportunity to utilise laser micro-dissected material. FFPE tissue samples are an invaluable resource for retrospective studies to interrogate current novel biomarkers, particularly to generate disease free survival and overall survival graphs to measure predictive value using well annotated retrospective samples with full clinical and pharmacological outcomes.