inhibitor in both directions

Ref.	In vitro model	Digoxin Detection	Study Aim	Results
[69]	MDCK-MDR1	LSC	Investigate IC₅₀ (µmol/L) of test compounds	Quinidine: 14.1±1.5
				Quinine: 18.6±4.5
				Ketoconazole: 3.71±1.26
				Itraconazole: 1.25±0.46
				Astemizole: 5.16±0.27
				GF120918: 0.23±0.06
[131]	MDCK-MDR1	LSC	Investigate IC₅₀ (µmol/L) of test compounds	Quinidine: 14.9±9.0
				Ketoconazole: 3.07±0.76
				Vimblastina: 17.8±2.2
				GF120918: 0.06±0.003
				Verapamil: 10.7±4.1
				Cyclosporin A: 1.6±0.3
[130]	MDCK-MDR1	LSC	Investigate P-gp modulators effect on digoxin P_app(B-A)	Results in % of the alteration on digoxin P_app (B-A) after addition of: Colchicine: 93.5-102.5 Cortisol: 97-114.9 Dexamethasone: 110.5-119.3 Etoposide: 94.6-104.1 Trimetroprim: 96.5-104.1 Probenecid: 92-106.5
[149]	Caco-2	LSC	Investigate IC₅₀ (µmol/L) of test compounds	Verapamil: 10
				Cyclosporin A: 3
				Ketoconazole: 4.6
				Nicardipine: 8.0
				Clarithromycin: 66
[150]	Caco-2	LSC	Investigate IC₅₀ (µg/mL) of six clones of Rhodiola rosea	IC₅₀ between 16.7 and 51.7. Rhodiola rosea might be a candidate for clinical DDI.
[151]	Caco-2	LSC	Investigate if Aloe vera inhibits P-gp	Papp of digoxin is similar with and without inhibitor in both directions; Aloe Vera juice is not P-gp inhibitor

Table 6: In vitro assays using digoxin as a probe substrate and their characteristics. DDI, drug-drug interactions; IC₅₀ , concentration that inhibits 50%; LC, liquid chromatography; LSC, Liquid scintillation counter; MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line; L-MDR1, porcine kidney tubular cell line transfected with human MDR1 gene; MDCK-MDR1, Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line transfected with human MDR1 gene; P_app (B-A), apparent permeability in efflux direction.

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