ratio between the values obtained

Interacting compound	Clinical Study	AUC ratio	C_max ratio	CL_R	Digoxin Quantification	Ref.
P-gp Inhibitor
Itraconazole	SD, oral	1.52	1.34	0.80	-	[69]
Clarithromycin	SD, oral	1.47-1.64	1.75-1.83	0.83	Competitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay	[122]
Clarithromycin	SD, IV	1.47	1.75	-	Competitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay	[122]
Ritonavir	SD, oral	1.86	-	0.65	Competitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay	[158]
Verapamil	MD, oral	1.51	1.44	1.04	-	[152]
Quinidine	MD, oral	1.77	1.75	-	-	[152]
Valspodar	SD, oral	1.74	1.72	0.35	Competitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay	[159]
Valspodar	MD, oral	3.05	2.44	0.25	Competitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay	[159]
Carvedilol	SD, oral	1.19	1.60		-	[152]
Carvedilol	MD, oral	1.56 (♂) 1.24 (♀)	1.38 (♂) 1.00 (♀)	-	Enzyme-multiplied immunoassay	[160]
Captopril	MD, oral	1.39	1.59	-	-	[161]
Amiodarone	MD, oral	1.68	1.84	-	-	[152]
Ranolazine	MD, oral	1.60	1.46	-	Immunoassay	[162]
Diltiazem	MD, oral	1.44	1.38	-	-	[152]
GFJ	SD, oral	1.10	1.23	1.0	Enzyme-multiplied immunoassay	[163]
P-gp Inducer
SJW	SD, oral	0.99	1.01	-	Microparticle enzyme immunoassay	[164, 165]
SJW	MD, oral	0.72	0.73	-	Microparticle enzyme immunoassay	[164, 165]
Rifampin	SD, oral	0.70	0.48	1.0	Fluorescence polarization immunoassay	[136]
Rifampin	SD, IV	0.85	0.85	0.97	Fluorescence polarization immunoassay	[136]

Table 7: Clinically relevant P-gp mediated interactions observed in humans between digoxin and other compounds after oral or intravenous (IV) administration at single dose (SD) and multiple doses (MD). In vivo digoxin ratios for area under the curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentration (C_max) and renal clearance (CL_R) indicate the pharmacokinetic change and are given by the ratio between the values obtained with administration of interacting compound and without it. GFJ, grapefruit juice; SJW, St John’s wort.

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